Wastewater Treatment Plant Assessment by Quantifying the Carbon and Water Footprint

Abstract

In the context of efficient and sustainable management of the elements of the urban water cycle as an aim of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the evaluation of indicators such as the water footprint (WF) and the carbon footprint (CF) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) provides a quantification of the environmental impact, both negative and positive, which implies its exploitation. In this study, in addition to WF and CF quantification, a joint evaluation of both indicators was conducted. Consumption is indicated by the blue water footprint (WFBlue) and emissions by CF. Both are related to the operational grey water footprint (∆WFG,mef) in two ratios, WFR and CFR. In this way, the water consumed and gases emitted are measured according to the reduction range of the pollutant load of the discharge. The results for four WWTPs show operational scenarios for better management in accordance with the WFD.

Integrating torrefaction of pulp industry sludge with anaerobic digestion to produce bioenergy and biochemicals: Techno-economic and environmental feasibility analysis

“…The emissions value for electrical energy (Estonia) was selected as 0.54,689 kg of CO 2 eq./kWh [28]. The literature review shows that emissions for wastewater treatment vary between 0.22 and 0.33 kg CO 2 eq./m 3 [29,30]. In this study, the emissions value for wastewater was selected as 0.3 kg CO 2 eq./m 3 .…”

Analysis of Water Resources and Water Environmental Carrying Capacity of Animal Husbandry in China—Based on Water Footprint Theory

“…Equations ( 8) and (9). WG is the animal husbandry gray water footprint (10 8 m 3 ); WG i is the gray water footprint of i kinds of livestock and poultry (m 3 ); α is the specific gravity of dry manure, and β is the specific gravity of water flushing feces (%); A is the dry manure discharge coefficient, and B is the coefficient of water flushing and excrement discharge; δ is the water intake rate of livestock and poultry manure (%); t is the breeding time; livestock storage is based on 365 days, the poultry output is calculated based on 42 days; ϕ is the COD discharge standard of 20 mg/L based on the Class III contaminant content of water stipulated in China's "Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water" (GB3838-2002).…”

“…For example, Wahba Shimaa M [8] studied the impact of income and lifestyle differences on the imbalance of the water footprint within Egyptian households through follow-up investigation. Eva Gómez-Llanos [9] discussed consumers' cognition of sustainable water consumption based on the concept of the water footprint. In China, researchers have carried out a large number of evaluation studies on regional or industrial water resource supply and demand by applying water footprint theory.…”

Biyolojik ve İleri Biyolojik Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinin Karbon Ayak İzinin Yaşam Döngüsü Temelinde Belirlenmesi

“…Gömülü enerji, karbon ayak izi ve ötrofikasyon potansiyeli, atık su yönetimi çözümlerinin ve kaynak geri kazanım stratejilerinin su-enerji-karbon-besin ilişkisi ile ilgili temel çevresel sürdürülebilirlik etki kategorileri arasında yer almaktadır [10]. Karbon ayak izi, YDD'deki küresel ısınma etkisi kategorisinin göstergesidir ve belirli bir süreçle ilişkili (örneğin, ulaşım, enerji tüketimi veya gerekli kimyasalların üretimi yoluyla) yaşam döngüsü sera gazı emisyonlarını (karbondioksite normalize edilmiş) karakterize etmektedir [11]. Bu süreçler en genel şekliyle doğrudan (Kapsam 1) emisyonlar (örn.…”

“…elektrik üretimi) ve diğer dolaylı (Kapsam 3) emisyonlardan oluşmaktadır [10]. Karbondioksit (CO2) eşdeğer kütlesi olarak ölçülen karbon ayak izini hesaplamak için IPCC tarafından geliştirilen karakterizasyon modellerinden elde edilen karakterizasyon faktörleri ve emisyon verileri kullanılmaktadır [11].…”