Water and Chemical Properties of Hydrometeors Over Central European Mountains

Abstract

Atmospheric pollutants are transferred to the ground by the contribution of various types of hydrometeors. Because of the different techniques of measurement, comparative analyses between them are often neglected. Hence, the main goal is to compare water volume and chemistry of different types of hydrometeors and their role in both: water balance and pollutants deposition. The results of water input and atmospheric deposits chemistry at Szrenica Mt. during the period between 01 December 2008 and 28 February 2010 are presented. The volume-weighted total inorganic ionic content (TIC) of dew, hoarfrost and fog water (both solid and liquid) was 345, 134, 425 leq l -1 respectively, while typical TIC value for precipitation was 233 leq l -1 . The chemical composition of dew, hoarfrost and fog water differ significantly from each other and from precipitation, depending on background emission and atmospheric processes. Taking into account both concentration and volume of deposited water, comparison between pollutant load of hydrometeors was possible.

The effect of pollutant fog deposition on the wood anatomy of subalpine Norway spruce

“…4c). Additionally, we showed that the largest wood parameter reductions in 1980-1990 occurred at sites with the highest frequency of severely acidified fog, connected with a low-lying cloud base of orographic origin (Błaś et al 2012;Godek et al 2012;Igawa et al 2015;Shimadera et al 2011;Yamaguchi et al 2015). This concerned sites at the westernmost and northwesternmost edges of the Sudetes and Moravian-Silesian Beskids, which were also well exposed to the advection of air from the W-NW sector (Group C).…”

“…This concerned sites at the westernmost and northwesternmost edges of the Sudetes and Moravian-Silesian Beskids, which were also well exposed to the advection of air from the W-NW sector (Group C). The location of these sites on the NW edge of the Sudetes, i.e., the side exposed to the prevailing circulation and largest pollutant sources, means they are characterized by the highest fog efficiency and pollutant deposition (Błaś et al 2002(Błaś et al , 2012Dore et al 1999;Godek et al 2012). The understanding of the reasons and the course of changes is facilitated by information on spatial diversity of the exposure time of the trees to heavily polluted atmospheric water.…”

“…A cause of this may be higher rainfall and significant share of fog pollutant deposition (Błaś et al 2002;Dore et al 1992Dore et al , 1999Pahl et al 1994;Weathers et al 1995). To indicate precisely the role of pollutant deposition via fog, several measurement campaign were performed and data published (Błaś et al 2012;Godek et al 2012;Kryza et al 2009;Skybova 2006). Significantly larger total pollutant deposition below forest canopy (throughfall) as well as fog contribution in total deposition was observed at the westernmost Szrenica Mt.…”

“…1 Geographical setting of the study area and location of sampling sites (see also Table 2) intense orographic deformation of predominant airflow from the western sector, higher frequency and liquid water content of fog and finally strong influence of the atmospheric sources of pollutant emission in the vicinity of the Szrenica Mt. (Archive 2018;Błaś et al 2012;Černy 1994;Kulhavy and Klimo 1998;Oulehle et al 2010;Skybova 2006).…”

“…Such conditions are frequent in low clouds with bases below the level of existing mountain summits and ridges. Pollutant concentrations in clouds or fog are usually several times higher than in atmospheric precipitation (Błaś et al 2012;Pahl et al 1994;Weathers et al 1995). For example, at elevations higher than 800 m a.s.l.…”