Water and related electrical energy use in urban households—Influence of individual attributes in Beijing, China

Yu, Min; Wang, Chaoran; Liu, Yi; Olsson, Gustaf; Bai, Hua

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.11.004

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Energy and water resources are highly connected in cities (Kenway et al 2011, Liu et al 2016, Lam et al 2017b. Urban water agencies use energy to acquire, extract, pump, treat, and discharge water supplies to endusers, while residents and businesses need energy to heat water in buildings (Escriva-Bou et al 2015, Kenway et al 2015, Spang and Loge 2015, Chini et al 2016, Wakeel and Chen 2016, Lam et al 2017a, 2017b, Yu et al 2018. Investigating relationships between energy and water consumption can reveal strategies to reduce operational costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with urban water sectors, both within cities and across broader regions connected by common infrastructure systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy use for urban water management by utilities and households in Los Angeles

Porse

Mika

Escriva-Bou

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Commun.

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Reducing energy consumption for urban water management may yield economic and environmental benefits. Few studies provide comprehensive assessments of energy needs for urban water sectors that include both utility operations and household use. Here, we evaluate the energy needs for urban water management in metropolitan Los Angeles (LA) County. Using planning scenarios that include both water conservation and alternative supply options, we estimate energy requirements of water imports, groundwater pumping, distribution in pipes, water and wastewater treatment, and residential water heating across more than one hundred regional water agencies covering over 9 million people. Results show that combining water conservation with alternative local supplies such as stormwater capture and water reuse (nonpotable or indirect potable) can reduce the energy consumption and intensity of water management in LA. Further advanced water treatment for direct potable reuse could increase energy needs. In aggregate, water heating represents a major source of regional energy consumption. The heating factor associated with grid-supplied electricity drives the relative contribution of energyfor-water by utilities and households. For most scenarios of grid operations, energy for household water heating significantly outweighs utility energy consumption. The study demonstrates how publicly available and detailed data for energy and water use supports sustainability planning. The method is applicable to cities everywhere.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy use for urban water management by utilities and households in Los Angeles

Porse

Mika

Escriva-Bou

et al. 2020

Environ. Res. Commun.

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“…Large scale residential WRE studies (top-down modelling) provide the big picture summary on resource use [ scale residential WRE studies (bottom-up modelling) tend to provide a detailed view of household water-energy interactions [68,69] but not at a scale of analysis that could strongly inform government or utility decision making. Neither approach effectively evaluates large scale impacts of changes in factors that influence residential WRE use, because residential water use, associated energy and GHGs are driven by the combined effects of infrastructure design [60,70], environmental influences [71][72][73], water appliance technology [48,[74][75][76], end use behaviour [72,[77][78][79], and policies [26,45,64,80]. Consequently, a novel approach to quantifying residential WRE use to address limitations of current methods is needed.…”

Section: Appendix D Chapter 4 Support Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this approach excludes other sources of WRE such as the mechanical energy of water appliances and/or water appliance technology upgrades. Additionally, emphasis has recently been placed on the significance of end use behaviour in quantifying WRE consumption [72,77,78]. There is therefore a limit to determining the key influences in residential WRE use by only quantifying the energy consumption of HWSs.…”

Section: Hws Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these studies do not occur at a scale of analysis that could robustly inform policy decisions such as the implementation of competing rebate schemes. Moreover, the detailed information attained from bottom-up studies can be difficult to scale-up as behavioural characteristics for each household can be quite diverse [122] and have a very large impact on WRE use [72,78].…”

Section: Ro 3: Propose How To Integrate Information From Water and Rementioning

confidence: 99%

“…shower duration) affect residential WRE use. It's quite possible that both technology take-up and behaviours are affected by socio-economic factors, such as available income, education or even culture, but these relationships are unknown [4,78]. While it's not known how demographic factors affect behaviour and technology at household scale, it is quite possible that demographic variability in the population contributes to spatial variability in resource consumption.…”

Section: Incongruous Data Collection Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated modelling of residential water-related energy

Bors¹

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Around the world, urban demand for resources is increasing over time. In Australia, 90% of the population resides in cities, which are growing in both population and housing density. These factors place greater demands on water and energy, and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Water use, energy use and GHGs are strongly interconnected, and thus actions to reduce water or energy consumption can have unintended consequences. Consequently, reducing water use without increasing energy use and GHGs as well as reducing energy use without increasing water use is important. One key area where this can be achieved is in the reduction of water-related energy (WRE) use. WRE consumption occurs in two distinct sectors: the water sector through water supply and sewage collection services, and the residential sector through water end uses. WRE use of both utilities and end users are interconnected through infrastructure, environment, technology, behaviour, and policies. WRE use of water supply (10%) and sewage collections services (10%) are both within the control of utilities, however, the most WRE intensive component of the residential urban water cycle is residential end use (80%), which is largely outside the control of water utilities. This thesis used a systems approach to WRE modelling, across the water utility and residential sector interface, to investigate opportunities for whole-of-system reduction in resource consumption. Firstly, this study investigated an interaction between the infrastructure and the environment through the cold water temperature (CWT) variability impact on household WRE. The spatiotemporal variability in CWT was determined using 5760 measurements from 1255 sampling locations across Yarra Valley Water, Melbourne, Australia. The monthly CWT varied across the 4000 km 2 study site from 12-28°C during summer and 9-15°C during winter. Spatial clusters of hot spots and cold spots were observed. Variation in CWT was calculated to affect annual household WRE demand by-17 to +19%. Variability in results demonstrated the difference in household WRE demand in hot spots, cold spots, and neutral zones. Monthly mean CWTs for the study site diverged from hot water system (HWS) energy consumption guidelines by-21 to +47%. The CWT variability impact on household water heating varied up to three times the energy used by the water utility for water supply and sewage disposal services in this region. Results demonstrated the importance of modelling interactions between infrastructure and the environment. Quantifying the variability of CWT increased the accuracy of predicting regional WRE demand and HWS energy consumption.

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Reduction potential of potable water consumption at urban households: a case study in Sri Lanka

Edirisinghe¹,

Pathirana

2021

Environ Dev Sustain

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Water and related electrical energy use in urban households—Influence of individual attributes in Beijing, China

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Energy use for urban water management by utilities and households in Los Angeles

Energy use for urban water management by utilities and households in Los Angeles

Integrated modelling of residential water-related energy

Reduction potential of potable water consumption at urban households: a case study in Sri Lanka

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