Water and sanitation associated with improved child growth

Merchant, Aisha; Jones, Clara Y.; Kiure, A; Kupka, R; Fitzmaurice, G. M.; Herrera, M G; Fawzi, Wafaie W.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601725

Cited by 99 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Stunted children complete fewer years of schooling and as adults have reduced work capacity, earn less income and have poorer health (1,2) . Averting stunting during this early period is crucial and evidence suggests that younger children are more responsive to interventions to address nutritional problems (3,4) . Information from communitybased programmes aimed at this younger age group is scarce, however, and especially so in sub-Saharan Africa.…”

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confidence: 99%

An evaluation of an operations research project to reduce childhood stunting in a food-insecure area in Ethiopia

Fenn

Bulti

Nduna

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To determine which interventions can reduce linear growth retardation (stunting) in children aged 6-36 months over a 5-year period in a food-insecure population in Ethiopia. Design: We used data collected through an operations research project run by Save the Children UK: the Child Caring Practices (CCP) project. Eleven neighbouring villages were purposefully selected to receive one of four interventions: (i) health; (iii) nutrition education; (iii) water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH); or (iv) integrated comprising all interventions. A comparison group of three villages did not receive any interventions. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at baseline (2004) and for impact evaluation (2009) using the same quantitative and qualitative tools. The primary outcome was stunted growth in children aged 6-36 months measured as height (or length)-for-age Z-scores (mean and prevalence). Secondary outcomes were knowledge of health seeking, infant and young child feeding and preventive practices. Setting: Amhara, Ethiopia. Subjects: Children aged 6-36 months. Results: The WASH intervention group was the only group to show a significant increase in mean height-for-age Z-score (10?33, P 5 0?02), with a 12?1 % decrease in the prevalence of stunting, compared with the baseline group. This group also showed significant improvements in mothers' knowledge of causes of diarrhoea and hygiene practices. The other intervention groups saw non-significant impacts for childhood stunting but improvements in knowledge relating to specific intervention education messages given. Conclusions: The study suggests that an improvement in hygiene practices had a significant impact on stunting levels. However, there may be alternative explanations for this and further evidence is required.

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confidence: 99%

An evaluation of an operations research project to reduce childhood stunting in a food-insecure area in Ethiopia

Fenn

Bulti

Nduna

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

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“…It is the right of every individual irrespective of his or her caste, region, religion and race. Clean water and proper sanitation will lead to good health and substantially reduce mortality rates and the severity of various diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid and diarrhoea (Esrey et al, 1991;Merchant et al, 2003). Frequent attacks of diarrhoea and intestinal parasitosis are a direct result of poor sanitation and may lead to malnutrition, which renders children more susceptible to other diseases; for example, malnourished children recovering from an episode of diarrhoea are usually susceptible to pneumonia (Schmidt et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Dissolved oxygen and idle time effects on sewage bioremediation

Khan¹,

Lai²,

Campos³

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Manag

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This paper explores the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and idle time on the performance of aerated-sludge portable sewage systems for rapid deployment during natural calamities or warfare. Using synthetic sewage, three different reactors were operated at DO levels of 2-6 mg/l to determine the optimum DO for reactor performance, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic content (TOC) removal, pH, conductivity and biomass concentrations. Low DO values result in very low COD removal efficiency, while DO levels over 6 mg/l are not significantly more efficient. The oxygen utilisation rate and specific oxygen utilisation rate were in the ranges 0 . 87-1 . 08 mg O 2 /h and 0 . 44-0 . 895 mg O 2 /g MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) per hour respectively for the three reactors. The highest achieved specific removal rate was 14 mg/g MLSS per hour and 6 mg/g MLSS per hour for COD and TOC respectively. Investigation of idle time (no-aeration) revealed that an idle time of less than 24 h results in low removal efficiency (COD and/or TOC) but the system recovers in the next 24 h; however, an idle period of 48 h or greater results in very poor efficiency and may cause permanent failure of the bioremediation process. The results of the present study can be applied to avoid system failure in a sewage treatment system as a result of, say, intermittent or sudden power shutdown.

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“…Moreover, several studies have documented the general relation between water and sanitation and child growth and the prevalence of stunting (e.g. ; Fink et al, 2011;Merchant et al, 2003;Spears, 2013). There is however, little evidence on the direct impact of WASH interventions on nutrition outcomes.…”

Section: Water Sanitation and Hygiene (Wash) Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and Impact of EU Aid for Food and Nutrition Security: A Review

Cockx

Francken

2016

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractIn the aftermath of the world food price crisis, the issue of food and nutrition security has received a high level of political attention and the international donor community has repeatedly underlined its commitment to combat hunger in the world. In order to enhance the effectiveness of the international community's efforts in addressing the widespread problem of malnutrition, we need to improve our knowledge on what activities donors are currently engaging in and which interventions have been shown to be successful. This paper offers both an overview of the aid for food and nutrition security landscape and how it has changed and an extensive review of the available evidence on the impact of a wide array of interventions aimed at addressing all four dimensions of food and nutrition security; availability, access, utilization and stability. We find that despite the renewed interest and elevated levels of funding for food and nutrition security assistance in developing countries, the empirical evidence base for the effectiveness of these interventions in improving beneficiaries' food and nutrition security -although in several cases promising -is weak. In particular, the question whether different interventions improve the quality of food consumption and consequently nutrient intake and status, remains largely unanswered. Moreover, few studies assess longer-term effects and there exists relatively little rigorous evidence that compares different interventions. It is therefore strongly recommended to undertake additional research to improve the evidence base as this would allow researchers and policy makers to establish the type of approaches that improve food and nutrition security in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. Finally, in order to facilitate this process, there is a need for a clear and uniform definition of food and nutrition security assistance on the one hand as well as agreed upon, comprehensive indicators on the other hand.JEL Codes F35, F53, I380, O12, O13, O15.

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Water and sanitation associated with improved child growth

Cited by 99 publications

References 22 publications

An evaluation of an operations research project to reduce childhood stunting in a food-insecure area in Ethiopia

An evaluation of an operations research project to reduce childhood stunting in a food-insecure area in Ethiopia

Dissolved oxygen and idle time effects on sewage bioremediation

Evolution and Impact of EU Aid for Food and Nutrition Security: A Review

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