Water assisted crystallization, gas sensing and photo-electrochemical properties of electrochemically synthesized TiO₂nanotube arrays

Crystallization of Mesoporous Tin Oxide Prepared by Anodic Oxidation

“…When forming 1D nanostructures using this method, properties such as the pore diameter, length, and pore-wall thickness can be easily adjusted by controlling the anodizing conditions (e.g., voltage, time, electrolyte composition, temperature, etc.) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Since the anodic formation of a 1D tin oxide nanoporous structure was reported [1], recent studies have focused on changing the anodizing conditions to control the nanoporous structure of 1D tin oxide, and on applying the same methodology to the elec-trode materials used in high-performance semiconductor-type gas sensors [3,4,13] and energy storage devices [7,12].…”

Crystallization of Mesoporous Tin Oxide Prepared by Anodic Oxidation

“…In particular, the crystallinity and the crystal structure are critical parameters to consider when using nanostructured metal oxides as electrode materials in electrochemical applications, as they determine the fundamental properties of metal oxides [8,12,13,15]. However, most metal oxides formed by anodization are either amorphous or have a low degree of crystallinity owing to the high voltages applied over very short time periods.…”

“…Due to this problem, many researchers have crystalized metal oxides at high temperatures. For example, crystalized anodic metal oxides can be obtained directly by anodization at high temperatures [5,9], or heat treatment can be used to subsequently crystallize the metal oxides formed by anodization [2,8,[11][12][13]15]. Both cases incur additional costs either for maintaining high temperatures or for the post-treatment.…”

“…When forming 1D nanostructures using this method, properties such as the pore diameter, length, and pore-wall thickness can be easily adjusted by controlling the anodizing conditions (e.g., voltage, time, electrolyte composition, temperature, etc.) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Since the anodic formation of a 1D tin oxide nanoporous structure was reported [1], recent studies have focused on changing the anodizing conditions to control the nanoporous structure of 1D tin oxide, and on applying the same methodology to the electrode materials used in high-performance semiconductor-type gas sensors [3,4,13] and energy storage devices [7,12].…”

“…The size, morphology, and crystal structure of nanostructured metal oxides greatly affect their chemical, optical, and electrochemical properties [6,8,12,13,15]. In particular, the crystallinity and the crystal structure are critical parameters to consider when using nanostructured metal oxides as electrode materials in electrochemical applications, as they determine the fundamental properties of metal oxides [8,12,13,15].…”