Water Balance and Water Requirement of Preschool Children

Stolley, H; Schlage, C.

doi:10.1159/000176091

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Stolley et al [ 19] conducted a dietary survey using the exact weighing method in 6-to 10-year-old children, from which we recalculated a comparable mean water intake from food and drinks of 1,200 rnl/day (metabolic water was 220 ml/ day). Our findings also agree with the mean water intake of 0.7 g/kcal (0.17 g/kJ) in chil dren aged 8-12 years, recalculated by Stolley and Schlage [20] from data published by Macy [12]. Ginandes and Topper [9] mea sured insensible water loss of 0.83 g/kg/h in school-aged children, who were awake but relaxed lying on a balance under defined standard conditions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Fur thermore many parents regulate drinking volume by demand or restriction. Since our data and the data in the literature [13,20] indicate that habitual water intake in chil dren is often inadequately low, reasonable recommendations are of high practical im portance. Table III shows water intake from drinks and food (without metabolic water), urine volume and urine osmolality of our children in comparison with calculated val ues, corresponding to water intakes recom mended in the USA [16] and the FRG [4], The American recommendation for infants as well as the German recommendations ex ceed by far the habitual water intake of our children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Urine volume and urine osmolality therefore are useful parameters to characterize water metabolism. Stolley and Schlage [20] found a mean urine osmolality of 860 mosm/kg in 24-hour urine samples of preschool children. Assuming a maximal urine osmolality of 1,400 mosm/kg they con cluded that their children had an adequate water intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Two studies have been accomplished in our insti tute. Stolley and Schlage [20] performed bal ance studies in preschool children, who stayed at the institute for that time. The chil dren had a self-selected mixed diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore habitual low water in take induces the risk of the formation of kid ney stones [14], of constipation [21], and of the development of pyelonephritis. In a pre vious study on preschool children [20] as well as in healthy children aged 3-17 years [13] high urine osmolalities were observed, which hints to a low water intake in relation to the renal solute load of the diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Children Have an Adequate Fluid Intake? Water Balance Studies Carried Out at Home

1988

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In 21 healthy children aged 6–11 years water balance studies were performed for 3 days at home. Water intake was assessed from dietary records based on the precise weighing method and water loss was calculated from repeated measurements of body weight and urine collection. Mean values ( ± SD) of all parameters of water balance are presented. Water intake from food and drinks without metabolic water of 43.0 ± 11.5 g/kg/day or 0.78 ± 0.17g/kcal (0.19 ± 0.04 g/kJ) resulted in a urine volume of 22.5 ± 7.7 g/kg/day and an osmolality of 24-hour urine samples of 756 ± 199 mosm/kg. From these data water intake seems to be low in these children. In school-aged children water intake from food and drinks of 1 ml/kcal (0.24 ml/kJ) as recommended for adults (Recommended dietary allowances, 1980) would seem adequate, theoretically resulting in a urine volume of 35 ± 14 g/kg/day and urine osmolality of 516 ± 182 mosm/kg based on the data in our children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Children Have an Adequate Fluid Intake? Water Balance Studies Carried Out at Home

1988

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Flüssigkeitsversorgung von Dortmunder Kleinkindern

Frenzke

Rudloff

Manz

1998

Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde

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24-h hydration status: parameters, epidemiology and recommendations

2003

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Hydration of individuals and groups is characterised by comparing actual urine osmolality (Uosm) with maximum Uosm. Data of actual, maximum and minimum Uosm in infants, children and adults and its major influencing factors are reviewed. There are remarkable ontogenetic, individual and cultural differences in Uosm. In the foetus and the breast-fed infant Uosm is much lower than plasma osmolality, whereas in children and adults it is usually much higher. Individuals and groups may show long-term differences in Uosm. In industrialised countries, the gender difference of Uosm is common. There are large intercultural differences of mean 24-h Uosm ranging from 860 mosm/kg in Germany, 649 mosm/kg in USA to 392 mosm/kg in Poland. A new physiologically based concept called 'free-water reserve' quantifies differences in 24-h euhydration. In 189 boys of the DONALD Study aged 4.0-6.9 y, median urine volume was 497 ml/24-h and median Uosm 809 mosm/kg. Considering meanÀ2 s.d. of actual maximum 24-h Uosm of 830 mosm/kg as upper level of euhydration and physiological criterion of adequate hydration in these boys, median free-water reserve was 11 ml/24-h. Based on median total water intake of 1310 ml/ 24-h and the third percentile of free-water volume of À156 ml/24-h, adequate total water intake was 1466 ml/24-h or 1.01 ml/ kcal. Data of Uosm in 24-h urine samples and corresponding free-water reserve values of homogeneous groups of healthy subjects from all over the world might be useful parameters in epidemiology to investigate the health effects of different levels of 24-h euhydration.

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Water Balance and Water Requirement of Preschool Children

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Do Children Have an Adequate Fluid Intake? Water Balance Studies Carried Out at Home

Do Children Have an Adequate Fluid Intake? Water Balance Studies Carried Out at Home

Flüssigkeitsversorgung von Dortmunder Kleinkindern

24-h hydration status: parameters, epidemiology and recommendations

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