Water‐borne Outbreaks in the United States and Canada, and Their Significance

Gorman, Arthur E.; Wolman, Abel

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1939.tb12374.x

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Chlorine is added during the drinking water treatment process to ensure the absence of pathogenic bacteria in potable water (Davies and Mazumder, 2003) and it has been long recognized that failure to do so contributes to increased risk for community waterborne disease outbreaks (Gorman and Wolman, 1939). Most bacteria are sensitive to chlorine and maintaining a free residual chlorine concentration greater than 0.2 mg/L throughout the water distribution system is important to prevent pathogenic bacteria regrowth (LeChevallier et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria in drinking water sources of a First Nation reserve in Canada

Farenhorst

Jahan

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Approximately 20% of the 600 First Nations reserves across Canada are under a drinking water advisory, often due to unacceptable levels of bacteria. In this study, we detected fecal bacteria at an alarmingly high frequency in drinking water sources in a fly-in First Nations community, most notably in buckets/drums of homes without running water where Escherichia coli levels ranged from 20 to 62,000 CFU/100mL. The water leaving the water treatment plant was free of E. coli and its free residual chlorine concentration (0.67 mg/L) was within the range typically observed for treated water in Canada. Water samples from taps in homes served by cisterns, and those sampled from the water truck and community standpipe, always showed unacceptable levels of E. coli (1 to 2,100 CFU/100mL) and free residual chlorine concentrations below the 0.2 mg/L required to prevent bacterial regrowth. Samples from taps in homes served by piped water had lower levels of E. coli (0 to 2 CFU/100mL). DNA-and RNA-based 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing demonstrated that piped and cisterns water distribution systems showed an abundance of viable cells of Alphaproteobacteria indicative of biofilm formation in pipes and cisterns. The alpha diversity, based on observed OTUs and three other indices, was lowest in water truck samples that supplied water to the cistern and the low free residual chlorine concentration (0.07 mg/L) and predominance of Betaproteobacteria (63% of viable cells) that were immediately detected after the truck had filled up at the water treatment plant was indicative of contamination by particulate matter. Given these findings, First Nation residents living without running water and relying on inadequate water distribution systems are at higher risk of contracting water-born illnesses. We urge all governments in Canada to expand their investments in supporting and sustaining water as a human right in Canada's First Nations communities. 3 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria in drinking water sources of a First Nation reserve in Canada

Farenhorst

Jahan

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Statistical data on the occurrence and causes of waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) in the United States have been collected and reported since 1920 (10,12,14,46). Since 1971, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained the collaborative Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) and periodically reported these data (47).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water in the United States from 1971 to 2006

et al. 2010

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SUMMARY Since 1971, the CDC, EPA, and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) have maintained the collaborative national Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) to document waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) reported by local, state, and territorial health departments. WBDOs were recently reclassified to better characterize water system deficiencies and risk factors; data were analyzed for trends in outbreak occurrence, etiologies, and deficiencies during 1971 to 2006. A total of 833 WBDOs, 577,991 cases of illness, and 106 deaths were reported during 1971 to 2006. Trends of public health significance include (i) a decrease in the number of reported outbreaks over time and in the annual proportion of outbreaks reported in public water systems, (ii) an increase in the annual proportion of outbreaks reported in individual water systems and in the proportion of outbreaks associated with premise plumbing deficiencies in public water systems, (iii) no change in the annual proportion of outbreaks associated with distribution system deficiencies or the use of untreated and improperly treated groundwater in public water systems, and (iv) the increasing importance of Legionella since its inclusion in WBDOSS in 2001. Data from WBDOSS have helped inform public health and regulatory responses. Additional resources for waterborne disease surveillance and outbreak detection are essential to improve our ability to monitor, detect, and prevent waterborne disease in the United States.

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“…Ob die bestehenden Anforderungen, wie sie in Gesetzen,Verordnungen und Normen zur Sicherung eines seuchenhygienisch einwandfreien Trinkwassers festgelegt sind, ausreichen, muss nach jedem Zwischenfall erneut geprüft werden.Eine Überprüfung der trinkwasserhygienischen Anforderungen erscheint nach dem Kryptosporidienausbruch in Milwaukee aus verschiedenen Gründen notwendig; in Milwaukee ist es zu einer außerordentlich hohen Zahl von Erkrankten durch Kryptosporidien gekommen, obwohl das Wasser den US-amerikanischen Anforderungen an Trinkwasser entsprach.Vor dem Kryptosporidienausbruch von 1993 ist es bereits 1916, 1936 und 1938 zu Ausbrüchen in Milwaukee gekommen. Jahrhunderts sind ein deutliches Zeichen dafür [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].Vor allem die Ausbrüche durch die Parasiten Giardia lamblia und Cryptosporidium parvum haben in den letzten Jahren die Aufmerksamkeit wieder auf die mögliche Gesundheitsgefährdung durch Krankheitserreger im Trinkwasser gelenkt. Cholera-und Typhusepidemien Ende des 19.…”

Section: Zusammenfassungunclassified

Beobachtungen über parasitenbedingte Ausbrüche durch Trinkwasser und Maßnahmen zu deren Vermeidung

Schoenen¹

2001

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschu

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Water‐borne Outbreaks in the United States and Canada, and Their Significance

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Bacteria in drinking water sources of a First Nation reserve in Canada

Bacteria in drinking water sources of a First Nation reserve in Canada

Causes of Outbreaks Associated with Drinking Water in the United States from 1971 to 2006

Beobachtungen über parasitenbedingte Ausbrüche durch Trinkwasser und Maßnahmen zu deren Vermeidung

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