An unusual cause of hypercalcemic crisis: Water-clear cell double parathyroid adenoma
INTRODUCTIONPrimary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most encountered endocrine pathologies, with an incidence of 21.6/100,000. In the etiology, the leading cause is solitary adenoma (87%-91%), generally originating from chief cells (1). Adenoma originating from more than one gland is a rarer event and comprises 2%-15% of all adenomas (2). The rare form (1%) of water-clear cell hyperplasia (WCCH) of hyperparathyroidism was first described by Albright et al. (3) in 1934. As adenoma in the etiology is even more uncommon, only 19 cases have been reported since 1994, and of those cases, adenoma was in both parathyroid glands in only one case (1,2,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).Hypercalcemic crisis, which was first described by Hannas in 1939, is a severe and life-threatening condition of severe hypercalcemia progressing to associated failure of various systems (21). Of the known cases, the case reported here is the first of hypercalcemic crisis caused by water-cell clear adenoma (WCCA). In previous reports related to WCCA, the histopathological features of the disease have generally been the focus. The aim of this study was to present the preoperative and postoperative periods of the disease and to evaluate the clinical characteristics. Defining the clinical characteristics of these kinds of rare cases can be considered useful for clinicians.In this case report, we present a patient who was successfully treated for double WCCA, and the case is discussed in comparison with the 19 cases reported in literature. Objective: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of a patient operated for water-clear cell adenoma and to discuss these in the light of relevant literature.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material and Methods:PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to identify articles related to water-clear cell adenoma using the following keywords: parathyroid tissue, parathyroid gland, parathyroid cells, parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, water-clear-cell, and water clear cell. The search included case reports, review articles, and original articles that had been published between January 1990 and November 2014 without any restrictions on language. All articles that contained information on the study population and treatment related data were identified and retrieved. In addition, an evaluation was of a case of a 47-year-old male patient with PHC who was treated at our clinic was conducted.Results: A total of 19 patients, including our new case, (age range: 18 to 81 years, mean±SD: 57.47±16.31 years) were included in the analysis. Eleven patients were female. Information about adenoma location was available from studies involving 17 patients and they indicated the following distribution of locations: left inferior (n=10), right superior (n=4). When preoperative imaging methods were examined, a false negative result was given by ultrasonography in 28.5% of patients and only 57.1% were positive on scintig...