Water Diffusion Barrier – A Novel Design for High Voltage Subsea Cables

Furuheim, Knut Magne; Nilsson, Svante; Hvidsten, Sverre; Hellesø, Svein Magne

doi:10.5324/nordis.v0i23.2476

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This is an indication of the anthropogenic addition of the metal by electric power transmission and distribution activities [1,42,60]. The reported high concentrations of Cd in the studied soils could be attributed to the extensive utilization of the metals in installations of lighting columns, hence, they could be leached over time into the environment [29,30].…”

Section: Concentrations Of Metals In Studied Soilsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Hence, Cu may be a pollutant in the impacted soils and may have adverse health implications for those exposed to it over time [50,62]. The high concentrations of Cu in the impacted soils could be due to the leaching of Cu high-tension cables into the soil [29]. The average concentration of Cu obtained in the soils investigated is also higher than 6.38 mg kg -1 obtained at the control site.…”

Section: Concentrations Of Metals In Studied Soilsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Cu wires are mostly used for high-tension power transmission and distribution due to their electrical conductivity, Cd is used for the installation of lighting columns, and Pb is widely used as a sheathing material in high-voltage power cables [29][30][31]. Fe is a major component of steel, mostly applied as a transmission and distribution tool in the power grid [32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of Power Transmission and Distribution on Trace Metals Loads in Soils, <i>Telfairia Occidentalis</i> and Related Human Health Problems in South-South, Nigeria

Ebong,

Idongesit Bassey Anweting,

Inemesit Ndarake Bassey

et al. 2024

Environmental Protection Research

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The generation, transmission, and distribution of power have both positive and negative effects. However, this has not been effectively assessed and documented in the study area. Hence, this research was conducted to assess the impact of power transmission and distribution activities on the levels of trace metals in soil, including Telfairia occidentalis (T. occidentalis). In this research, topsoil and T. occidentalis were obtained from the vicinity with high tension copper cables at Ikono, Ibiono Ibom, Itu, Uyo, and Uruan in Akwa Ibom State. Similar samples were obtained 100 m away from areas with high-tension copper cables and used as controls. The mean values (mg kg-1) of cadmium(Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb) obtained in soil were 2.13 ± 1.24, 43.52 ± 9.28, 1,265.84 ± 287.33, and 27.39± 5.66, respectively. Whereas, the mean concentrations (mg kg-1) of these metals in T. occidentalis were 0.17 ± 0.10, 12.98 ± 2.50, 217.81 ± 62.56, and 1.47 ± 1.40, respectively. The results obtained revealed that the mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Fe in soil were higher than their recommended safe limits, while the mean concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Pb in T. occidentalis exceeded the limits. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of all metals in the impacted soils were higher than in the control plot for both soil and T. occidentalis. Pollution models employed showed that soils and T. occidentalis from the studied locations were highly impacted by metals originating mainly from power transmission and distribution activities. The estimated daily intake rate of all the metals through soils and T. occidentalis was investigated for the children and adult groups within their recommended oral reference doses except for Cd. The non-cancerous risks for the children and adult groups for both soil and T. occidentalis were less than than 1 mg kg-1 day-1. However, the children’s class was more susceptible. Cancer risks for both the children and adult groups via soil and T. occidentalis were within the acceptable limit, but the entire cancer risk for the children via T. occidentalis from the Uyo vicinity was higher than the safe limit. This study revealed the effects of power transmission and distribution activities on the metal loads in soil and T. occidentalis and the related human health problems. Consequently, consistent exposure to soil particles impacted by high-tension cables and the cultivation of edible plants under high-tension cables should be avoided.

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Section: Concentrations Of Metals In Studied Soilsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Concentrations Of Metals In Studied Soilsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impacts of Power Transmission and Distribution on Trace Metals Loads in Soils, <i>Telfairia Occidentalis</i> and Related Human Health Problems in South-South, Nigeria

Ebong,

Idongesit Bassey Anweting,

Inemesit Ndarake Bassey

et al. 2024

Environmental Protection Research

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“…The design not only allows for a significant delay in reaching a critical level of humidity in insulation but also makes it possible to control this time. By knowing the exact properties of the material (diffusion mechanism) and cable construction (thicknesses, geometry), it is possible to model the time when the critical degree of relative humidity would be reached [33]. Water ingress depends on the rate of diffusion, water absorption, the initial water content in materials used in the cable, and cable temperature.…”

Section: Directions Of Development In the Field Of Water Barrier In Submarine Cablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radial Water Barrier in Submarine Cables, Current Solutions and Innovative Development Directions

Resner

Paszkiewicz

2021

Energies

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With wind turbines increasing in size, installed at greater distances from the mainland, and greater depths, submarine cables are facing new challenges. Materials and technologies used so far for the production of submarine cables with lead, aluminium, or copper sheaths make them unsuitable or even obsolete for modern solutions such as floating wind farms. The article discusses types of submarine cables, their construction, working conditions, and operational factors, with emphasis placed on the role of the radial water barrier. The focus has been placed on dry and semi-dry designs. The article is also devoted to a discussion regarding directions of further development, possible materials, and constructions that may appear in the future. Current research and results regarding the use of multi-layer coatings with the use of thermoplastic block copolymers for the layer with high moisture absorption are also presented.

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High Voltage Cables – A Technology Step

Iversen

Audun

2022

Day 4 Thu, May 05, 2022

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A two-sided marked push for subsea power transmission has taken place in the last 5 years, first initiated by the oil & gas industry's push for subsea electrification, then followed by a desire to reduce the CO2 footprint from oil & gas production throughelectrification of production facilities with power from onshore. More recently, the dramatic development in offshore wind and especially the floating wind market for clean renewable power results in the same need. Common for both areas is the need for transmission capability of the electric power at high voltage. Subsea cables for high voltage have existed since the early 20th century, but deep water and dynamic use of cables has, until recently, only been needed in niche areas. The know-how and experience from the niche areas combined with long-term operational experience for high voltage transmission cables has been a vital factor leading to the development of a qualified solution for deepwater and/or long-distance cabling system which also function in a dynamic situation. The latter is vital for larger offshore wind farms, as well as subsea development. Electrical insulation systems are grouped as wet or dry, where the latter traditionally has been used for voltage ratings above 52 kV. The traditional solution using lead as a water barrier is not suited for dynamic applications and this paper presents the process of qualifying a new industrial solution for dynamic high voltage cables suited for deep water and/or harsh weather for oil & gas or floating windfarms. A complete 145 kV dry design cable system has been qualified for dynamic and static use, with factory joints and repair joints making deepwater and/or long-distance transmission capacity possible. At the same time, qualification of a 72.5 kV wet design cable and factory joint has been completed. The qualified transmission system consists of a mixture of traditional cable design and a new novel water barrier system for subsea cables. Combining this development with the extended qualification of wet design supports increased power transmission capacity.

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Water Diffusion Barrier – A Novel Design for High Voltage Subsea Cables

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

Impacts of Power Transmission and Distribution on Trace Metals Loads in Soils, <i>Telfairia Occidentalis</i> and Related Human Health Problems in South-South, Nigeria

Impacts of Power Transmission and Distribution on Trace Metals Loads in Soils, <i>Telfairia Occidentalis</i> and Related Human Health Problems in South-South, Nigeria

Radial Water Barrier in Submarine Cables, Current Solutions and Innovative Development Directions

High Voltage Cables – A Technology Step

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