Water Effect on Proton Exchange of X-cut Lithium Niobate in the Melt of Benzoic Acid

Mushinsky, Sergey S.; Minkin, A. M.; Петухов, И. В.; Kichigin, V. I.; Shevtsov, D. I.; Malinina, L. N.; Volyntsev, A. B.; Neradovskiy, Maxim; Shur, V. Ya.

doi:10.1080/00150193.2015.998530

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It is therefore important to consider the influence of water traces in acidic melts as they can modify the acidity of the bath through self-ionization or modification of the acid ionization [19]. This is a key feature to control, as the acidity has a strong impact on the refractive index contrast, the crystallographic structure, the nonlinearity and the propagation losses of the final waveguides [20]. It has also to be controlled to obtain reproducible results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Rambu

Apetrei

Doutre

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-High-index contrast waveguides fabricated with precise control and reproducibility are of high interest for nonlinear and/or electro-optical highly efficient and compact devices for quantum and classical optical data processing. Here we present a new process to fabricate planar and channel optical waveguides on lithium niobate substrates that we called High Vacuum Proton Exchange (HiVacPE). The main purpose was to improve the reproducibility and the quality of the produced waveguides by limiting and controlling the water traces in the melt, which is used for the ionic exchange. Moreover, we discovered that, when the acidity of the bath is increased, depending on substrate orientation (Z-cut or X-cut) the waveguides are completely different in term of crystallographic properties, index profiles and nonlinearity. The best-obtained channel waveguides exhibit a refractive index contrast as high as 0.04 without any degradation of the crystal nonlinearity and state of the art propagation losses (0.16dB/cm). We have also demonstrated that the HiVacPE process allows fabricating waveguides on Z-cut substrate with high-index contrast up to 0.11 without degrading the crystal nonlinearity but high strain induced propagation losses. On top of that, we proposed an original and very useful method of analyzing waveguides with complex index profiles. This method can be used for the analysis of any waveguides whose core contains several layers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Rambu

Apetrei

Doutre

et al. 2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…This circumstance show, that induced electric field presents only inside of disturbed region of indentation. Conditions at y = 0 for concentrations n+ and n-in (12) follow from expressions for the ion fluxes and provide the equality of them on the boundary. The general formulas for dimensional fluxes have the form…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the presence of water molecules with concentrations ~ 0.5 % results in the increasing of dissociation of benzoic acid and corresponding intensification of the exchange [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of the proton exchange process in benzoic acid, interacting with the substrate of lithium niobate crystal

Demin

Petukhov

Ponomarev

2023

Preprint

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This paper is devoted to numerical analysis of the behavior of ion boundary layer, forming in the process of proton exchange during the interaction of the benzoic acid melt and lithium niobate wafer. This interaction leads to the dissociation of acid molecules and absorption of released protons by the crystal with following injection of benzoate-ions and lithium ions back into the acid. Mathematical model, offered in the article, implies that it is possible to use continuous media approximation to describe this phenomenon. Statement of current problem includes diffusion and electrostatic mechanisms of mass transfer. In addition, the ions recombination is taken into account in our description. Numerical scheme, based on the two-field finite differences method, shows formation of the steady state, which is characterized by exponential-like profiles of concentration and appearance of induced nonuniform electric field. It is important to note, that full charge of the system remains be equal to zero. Results of numerical simulation demonstrate the formation of boundary layer for benzoate-ion. At the same time, nonuniformities, appearing in the layer, don’t induce instabilities, breaking mechanical equilibrium, and don’t lead to high scale concentration convection.

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“…For our experiments, we used slides of soda-lime glass (25 mm × 76 mm × 1 mm), X-cut slides of LiNbO 3 (15 mm × 40 mm × 1 mm), and PE LiNbO 3 (15 mm × 40 mm × 1 mm) substrates. Proton-exchanged LiNbO 3 samples were fabricated with a closed metal reactor process using undiluted benzoic acid C 6 H 5 COOH at T 174°C for 2 h and then annealed at T 354°C in air for 300 min [6].…”

Section: A Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface modification of optical materials with hydrogen plasma for fabrication of Bragg gratings

2016

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We investigate the hydrogen plasma process as a route for creating Bragg gratings (BGs) on optoelectronic materials such as undoped lithium niobate (LiNbO(3)), proton-exchanged LiNbO(3), and soda-lime glass. Photopatterns (periodic modulations, Λ=323-2000 nm) were created on those substrates and the hydrogen plasma process was investigated for its ability to transfer the microstructures and the underlying mechanisms involved in this process. The diffraction efficiency and surface topology of the BG were characterized, as well as the optical properties of corresponding bulk materials undergoing the same plasma treatment. It is shown that the hydrogen plasma treatment changes the complex refractive index and modifies the surface topology with a volume expansion in the near-surface region, and both features are connected to the appearance of structural defects in the materials. The hydrogen plasma offers unique flexibility and advantages that can be explored for the fabrication of integrated photonic components.

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Water Effect on Proton Exchange of X-cut Lithium Niobate in the Melt of Benzoic Acid

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Analysis of High-Index Contrast Lithium Niobate Waveguides Fabricated by High Vacuum Proton Exchange

Dynamics of the proton exchange process in benzoic acid, interacting with the substrate of lithium niobate crystal

Surface modification of optical materials with hydrogen plasma for fabrication of Bragg gratings

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