Water-energy nexus approach for optimal design of hybrid cooling system in direct reduction of iron plant

Multi-objective coordinated development paths for China's steel industry chain based on “water-energy-economy” dependence

“…Huang et al (2020) constructed an industrial symbiosis model based on steel waste recycling by using a mixed integer programming method, and found that constraints on raw material prices and by-product recycling costs could help balance economic and energy goals. Bani et al (2020) proposed a process-based system to help reduce water consumption and economic losses of steel enterprises during production. Gao et al (2019) constructed an evaluation model of water-energy consumption in the steel industry to quantitatively evaluate the energy-saving and water-saving potential of traditional and emerging technologies under different scenarios, and results showed that the water-saving effect of strengthened policy scenarios was the best-performing alternative.…”