Water extract from processed Polygonum multiflorum modulate gut microbiota and glucose metabolism on insulin resistant rats

Abstract

Background: The incidence of insulin resistance (IR) has rapidly increased worldwide over the last 20 years, no perfect solution has yet been identified. Finding new therapeutic drugs will help improve this situation. As a traditional Chinese medicine, PPM (processed Polygonum multiflorum) has widely been used in the clinic. Recently, other clinical functions of PPM have been widely analyzed. Results: Administration of the water extract from PPM decreased the level of FBG, TC, and TG, and increased the level of FGC, thereby reducing the IR index and improving IR. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that PPM significantly increased GPR43 and AMPK expression when compared with the MOD group, and GPR43, AMPK were known as glucose metabolism-related proteins. In addition, treatment with PPM can restore the balance of gut microbiota by adjusting the relative abundance of bacteria both at the phylum and genus level, and these changes have been reported to be related to IR. Methods: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet and were gavaged daily with either normal saline solution or PPM for 12 weeks. Major biochemical indexes, such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting glucagon (FGC), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Then the protein expression of adenosine 5′monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) was evaluated by using Western blot analysis. Moreover, the composition of gut microbiota was assessed by analyzing 16S rRNA sequences. Conclusions: Our findings showed that PPM reversed the increasing of FBG and the decreasing of IRI, PPM accelerated the expression of glucose metabolism-related proteins and regulated the intestinal microecological balance. Therefore, we hold the opinion that PPM may be an effective option for treating IR.

Treatment-Refractory Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia Responsive to a Novel Botanical Treatment

“…TGF-β1 derived from dermal papillae cells inhibits hair growth and initiates catagen. 14–16 It promotes fibrosis by the Smad pathway 17–19 and is upregulated under various fibroproliferative conditions. 4 , 20 The genes encoding TGF-β were upregulated in CCCA tissue compared with non-involved tissues of the same patient.…”

“…Antifibrotic properties, that is, it activates AMPK through 4-hydroxyisoleucine and upregulates PPAR-γ protein expression 22–24 2. Major steroidal sapogenin in the fenugreek seed, diosgenin, demonstrates several anti-inflammatory functions, such as reduction in the production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages and counteracting the effects of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF- α ; 19 , 28 and promotion of angiogenesis and vasodilation with improved blood flow to the scalp and increased supply of nutrients to the hair follicles 29 Fo-ti extract Polygonum multiflorum root extract Exhibits antifibrotic properties, that is, the upregulation of the AMPK pathway 17 , 30 and activation of the PPAR-γ transcription through its anthraquinone moiety. 31 Abbreviations : CCCA, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia; INCI, International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; THC, tetrahydrocurcumin; PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; iNOS, nitric oxide synthase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL, interleukin; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein.…”

“… 34–37 Furthermore, it has been proposed that autoimmune attacks lead to the loss of follicular immune privileges and that TGF-β causes hair loss and fibrosis, which is unopposed by the downregulation of PPAR-γ. 5 Several ingredients of the topical and oral forms of Gashee (including turmeric ( curcumin) , 34 , 38–40 fenugreek oil ( Trigonella foenum-graecum ), 22–24 and Fo-ti ( Polygonum multiflorum ) 17 , 30 , 31 ) may exert anti-fibrotic effects in patients with CCCA ( Table 1 ). These ingredients have been shown to upregulate the activity of both AMPK and PPAR-γ.…”

The Ameliorating Effect of Lizhong-Tang on Antibiotic-Associated Imbalance in the Gut Microbiota in Mouse

“…Among the studies on the gut microbiome, Ryu et al [25] reported the role and function of gut microbes from a pediatric point of view, with a focus on gut microbes and oriental medicine research. Experimental studies have analyzed the role of intestinal microbes in metabolic diseases, related to the intestine, such as diabetes [26][27][28][29], obesity [30][31][32][33], irritable bowel syndrome [34,35], and intestinal inflammatory diseases [36,37]. Several studies have also analyzed the effect of herbal medicines on the imbalance of intestinal microflora caused by antibiotics [16][17][18][19], but they are limited to some prescriptions and individual drugs and have not been reported in Korea.…”

The composition differences between small black beans and big black beans from different habitats and its effects on the processing of Polygonum multiflorum

“…The dry roots of Polygonum multiflorum (PM), as a natural tonic and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 1,2 have extensive biological activities and clinical effects, such as anti-tumour, 3,4 antiinflammation, 5,6 anti-ageing and anti-apoptosis, 7 antioxidant activity, [8][9][10] anti-hyperlipidaemia, 11 antibacterial, 12 and relieving insulin resistance. 13,14 Meanwhile, PM can detoxify, nourish liver and kidney, 15 and strengthen both muscles and bones in TCM theory. 16 In clinical practice, PM is frequently used for treating many diseases including constipation, hypertension, 17 and premature greying of hair.…”