Water Flows Toward Power: Socioecological Degradation of Lake Urmia, Iran

Khalyani, Azad Henareh; Mayer, Audrey L.; Norman, Emma S.

doi:10.1080/08941920.2014.905890

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…345 provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan benefit Azeri Turks, a predominantly Shi'a ethnic group, while Kurdishmajority areas are frequently denied infrastructure projects. 346 Such deliberate discriminatory policies clearly deprive the targeted community members of their right to a healthy environment. As highlighted above, 347 apart from environmentally driven relocation, persecution on environmentally-related grounds could be utilised as a tool to combat repression towards environmental activists and land campaigners.…”

Section: ôEnvironmental' Potential Of Article 21(3) Of the Statutementioning

confidence: 99%

Ecocide Before the International Criminal Court: Simplicity is Better Than an Elaborate Embellishment

Palarczyk

2023

Crim Law Forum

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In 2021, with their proposals of a new definition of ‘ecocide’, the Independent Expert Panel for the Legal Definition of Ecocide (‘IEPLDE’) and the Promise Institute for Human Rights (‘UCLA’) Group of Experts reignited the discussion on expanding the International Criminal Court’s (‘ICC’ or ‘Court’) jurisdiction over the gravest instances of environmental degradation. The proposed definitions form part of the broader campaign towards the international criminalisation of ‘ecocide’ and its prosecution before the ICC. This discussion challenges such ambitions, arguing that, in its current form, the Court would be unable to produce environmentally-satisfactory results. It underscores that the human-centric fundaments of modern international criminal law (‘ICL’) prevent the ICC from fusing different approaches and values governing international environmental law (‘IEL’) into its institutional design. A middle-ground is proposed instead: rather than surrendering the pursuit of environmental justice before the ICC or risking a ‘symbolic’ revolutionisation, the focus should be re-oriented on maximising the ‘environmental’ potential of the current statutory framework. This approach aligns with the strive towards greater ‘internationalisation’ of international courts and tribunals, encouraging more eager analysis of their statutory provisions from multiple perspectives and in the context of a variety of cross-sectoral international law norms, objectives, principles, and approaches. Two possible directions for progression in that regard are proposed: (i) more resourceful translation of environmental realities into the substantive prohibitions of war crimes and (ii) more active reliance on and application of a ‘greened’ scope of Articles 21(3) and 7(1) of the Statute.

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Section: ôEnvironmental' Potential Of Article 21(3) Of the Statutementioning

confidence: 99%

Ecocide Before the International Criminal Court: Simplicity is Better Than an Elaborate Embellishment

Palarczyk

2023

Crim Law Forum

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“…Most significant are the destruction of Zagros forests and Iranian government water policies that have consistently diverted water from the LUB to politically-connected agricultural land users. As Henareh Khalyani et al (2014) show, this process of water system governance exacerbates existing social inequity, particularly to indigenous peoples, and prompts further deforestation, creating a vicious circle of land and water degradation. Responsibility rests partially with the commercial agricultural sector and resource over-exploitation by farmers (Pouladi et al, 2019(Pouladi et al, , 2020Abadi et al, 2018;Sadeghi et al, 2020;Shojaei-Miandoragh et al, 2020).…”

Section: The Case Of the Lubmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions Between Changing Climates and Land Uses: The Case of Urmia Lake, Iran

Ghanian¹,

Ghoochani²,

Mohammadzadeh³

et al. 2023

Indigenous and Local Water Knowledge, Values and Practices

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Iran is experiencing rapid population growth coupled with the negative impacts of global warming and land-use change. These impacts pose significant challenges for water managers and planners trying to match supply and demand. The twin challenges of land-use management and planning for climate change are exemplified in the case of Lake Urmia-situated in a closed basin in northwestern Iran. The basin supports agriculture from water stored in several reservoirs. Lake Urmia was once the largest saltwater lake in the Middle East and North Africa. It has recently become an environmental concern due to shrinking by 80% within the last 30 years. The dropping water level is exacerbated by a combination of declining precipitation and land conversion practices. Water loss provokes severe socioenvironmental consequences (including chronic health impacts, child mortality risks, and agricultural threats) that are similar in magnitude to those seen in the Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan Aral Sea disaster. This chapter explores the interactions M. Ghanian (✉)

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“…). When these sectors or groups are excluded from natural resource management, often their resource use is undervalued and therefore left unprotected, leading to management decisions that are often short-sighted, biased and unsustainablePearson & Gorman 2010;Datta & Chatterjee 2012;Sutcliffe et al 2012;Henareh Khalyani et al 2014). Likewise, these sectors may have limited information regarding resource use in other sectors, or how aggregate use relates to depletion thresholds, decreasing the ability of any policy or agency to manage the resources sustainably(Walker et al 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Utility of the Participatory Approach for Sustainable Development Assessments

Vaidya¹

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Water Flows Toward Power: Socioecological Degradation of Lake Urmia, Iran

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Ecocide Before the International Criminal Court: Simplicity is Better Than an Elaborate Embellishment

Ecocide Before the International Criminal Court: Simplicity is Better Than an Elaborate Embellishment

Interactions Between Changing Climates and Land Uses: The Case of Urmia Lake, Iran

The Utility of the Participatory Approach for Sustainable Development Assessments

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