Water Fluoridation

Spencer, Andrew John

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5_29

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 49 publications

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“…Reduction in dental caries prevalence was observed in the permanent teeth of schoolchildren, measured by the DMFT index after the implementation of the fluoride concentration adjustment device in the water supply system [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The reduction values were similar to those observed in the first studies carried out in the USA and Canada [ 26 ]. The expansion of the measure in the USA and the approval by the 22nd World Health Organization (WHO) Assembly, held in Boston, in the United States, in July 1969, of the recommendation to member countries to examine the possibility of its introduction in public supply systems with waters below optimal levels, collaborating for the implementation of the first systems in Brazil [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Use of Fluorides in Public Health: 65 Years of History and Challenges from Brazil

Frazão

2022

IJERPH

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Untreated dental caries is the most common disease globally and fluoride use at the population level is crucial for its control. To investigate the economic and political conditions under which the trajectory of population-based fluoride use has occurred is key for a more comprehensive view on its current and future challenges. The objective was to give a brief history and summarize the information on the use of fluorides at the population level in Brazil from 1952 to 2017 and to point to current and future challenges. A critical overview was undertaken based on country-level analyses comprising political and economic conditions. The analytical approach adopted a set of premises applicable to the study of capitalist democracies. Fluoride methods of systemic and topic use began to be employed in Brazilian public health programs in the 1950s and in a combined way from 1974. Differences in political and economic contexts were highlighted for four periods: the first interventions from 1952 to 1974, when the fluoridated water law was approved; the expansion after 1974 until 1988, when a new constitution was enacted; the following time until 2010; and the final period. From the 1980s to 2008, water fluoridation coverage increased progressively, consolidating as a major strategy of systemic use in spite of inequalities among territories. Activities aimed to promote access to topical fluoride use increased and maintained stability until 2014, when they dropped sharply. Regulation of fluoride dentifrice’s quality remained insufficient. It was hypothesized that the strengthening of conservative liberalism and the increase in fiscal austerity observed in recent years might produce serious constraints on public investment and limit access to fluorides. To reduce inequities and promote benefits for all, including the most vulnerable groups, policies based on egalitarian and social justice theoretical perspectives are needed more than ever.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Use of Fluorides in Public Health: 65 Years of History and Challenges from Brazil

Frazão

2022

IJERPH

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Effectiveness of water fluoridation in an upper‐middle‐income country: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Belotti

Frazão

2021

Int J Paed Dentistry

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Aim To summarize the information on the effectiveness of community water fluoridation (CWF) on the reduction of dental caries in the context of the wide use of fluoridated toothpaste in Brazil. Design A systematic review was conducted regarding the effect of CWF based on studies with Brazilian population groups using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, and SCOPUS. The literature search was conducted up to August 2019. Studies that compared caries experience in at least two areas, one fluoridated and the other non‐fluoridated, by mean dmft/DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index or caries prevalence (caries vs. caries‐free) were included. Considering the beginning of widespread use of fluoride dentifrice and the time for producing dental caries decline, studies published before 1995 were excluded. Descriptive analysis and meta‐analyses were carried out. The effect size was measured by mean difference for dmft and DMFT ± SD and odds ratios on a logarithmic scale for caries prevalence. Results Of the 574 studies retrieved, 16 and 10 were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis, respectively. Fluoridated areas exhibited lower mean dmft/DMFT than non‐fluoridated areas did. The mean difference in the dmft between non‐fluoridated and fluoridated areas was −2.28 (95% CI −3.26; −1.30) for children aged 5–8 years and −1.12 (95% CI −1.93; −0.32) for those aged 3–12 years; the mean difference in the DMFT was −0.61 (95% CI −0.80; −0.42) for the children aged between 7 and 12 years. The caries prevalence was 1.4 times and 57% lower, respectively, at primary and permanent dentition in fluoridated areas. Heterogeneity was observed in all age groups, ranging from 77.6% to 98.2%. Conclusion Community water fluoridation remains effective in preventing dental caries in children younger than 13 years, even with the widespread use of fluoridated toothpaste.

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Water Fluoridation

Cited by 2 publications

References 49 publications

The Use of Fluorides in Public Health: 65 Years of History and Challenges from Brazil

The Use of Fluorides in Public Health: 65 Years of History and Challenges from Brazil

Effectiveness of water fluoridation in an upper‐middle‐income country: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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