Water Fluoridation: A Critical Review of the Physiological Effects of Ingested Fluoride as a Public Health Intervention

Abstract

Fluorine is the world's 13th most abundant element and constitutes 0.08% of the Earth crust. It has the highest electronegativity of all elements. Fluoride is widely distributed in the environment, occurring in the air, soils, rocks, and water. Although fluoride is used industrially in a fluorine compound, the manufacture of ceramics, pesticides, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, glassware, and Teflon cookware, it is a generally unwanted byproduct of aluminium, fertilizer, and iron ore manufacture. The medicinal use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries began in January 1945 when community water supplies in Grand Rapids, United States, were fluoridated to a level of 1 ppm as a dental caries prevention measure. However, water fluoridation remains a controversial public health measure. This paper reviews the human health effects of fluoride. The authors conclude that available evidence suggests that fluoride has a potential to cause major adverse human health problems, while having only a modest dental caries prevention effect. As part of efforts to reduce hazardous fluoride ingestion, the practice of artificial water fluoridation should be reconsidered globally, while industrial safety measures need to be tightened in order to reduce unethical discharge of fluoride compounds into the environment. Public health approaches for global dental caries reduction that do not involve systemic ingestion of fluoride are urgently needed.

Correlation between drinking water fluoride and TSH hormone by ANNs and ANFIS

“…It has beneficial effects on teeth and bones at low concentrations but excessive exposure to fluoride has adverse effects [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. There are ways to get fluoride, but water is the most important [11][12][13][14].…”

“…Peckham (2014a;2015b) stated that fluoride intake of more than 0.01 mg/kg body weight/day impacts thyroid gland function because it has adverse effects on iodine. Since children drink less water than adults, 0.8 mg/L is recommended by the European Union Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risk [5,6]. Iran's recommended level of fluoride in drinking water is 0.5-1.5 8 mg/L based on WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality [19].…”

An integrated approach to preventing common dental diseases with calcium glycerophosphate and magnesium chloride in teenagers with hypertension

“…Medical со вкусом шоколада -1 таблетка для насыщения зубов минералами [12][13][14][15]. После проведенных профилактических меропри-ятий и обучения индивидуальному стандартному методу чистки зубов мы получили следующие резуль-таты (табл.…”

Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water Around an Aluminium Smelter Plant (A Case Study) in Angul–Talcher Industrial Belt, Odisha, India

“…Fluoride is among the top 15 most abundant components on the Earth's crust [21] and is naturally found in very small amounts in most aquifers in India [23]. An aquifer is an underground unit of saturated earth materials that can provide usable quantities of ground water to a well [5].…”