Water, fluorine, and sulfur concentrations in the lunar mantle

Chen, Yang; Zhang, Youxue; Liu, Yang; Guan, Yunbin; Eiler, John M.; Stolper, Edward M.

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.046

Cited by 103 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Curves were generated using VolatileCalc (Newman and Lowenstern 2002), which adopts the regular solution model of Silver and Stolper (1989). The shaded region indicates the range of water concentrations measured in lunar olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses (Saal et al 2008;Hauri et al 2011;Saal et al 2013;Chen et al 2015;Wetzel et al 2015). The water concentration range considered in this study is also indicated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent measurements of dissolved C and H 2 O in lunar glasses and improved understanding of C and H 2 O solubility in lunar melts (e.g., Saal et al 2008;Hauri et al 2011;Wetzel et al 2013;Chen et al 2015;Wetzel et al 2015; this work) warrant a fresh analysis of the major gas species accompanying lunar fire fountaining. In Fig.…”

Section: Which Volatile Species Likely Dominated In the Vapor That Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Arguments in support of CO as the primary propellant hinge on the H-depleted nature of lunar magmas compared to most terrestrial magmas (Saal et al 2008;Hauri et al 2011;Wetzel et al 2015;Chen et al 2015) and on the presence of Fe metal blebs in erupted lunar melts, thought to be the result of the reduction of FeO in the melt in response to graphite oxidation to CO during magma ascent (e.g., Nicholis and Rutherford 2009). …”

Section: Which Volatile Species Likely Dominated In the Vapor That Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, direct measurements of water in incompletely degassed, primitive lunar glasses made in several laboratories have shown that water concentrations are similar to those observed in magmas from Earth's depleted upper mantle (Saal et al 2008;Chen et al 2015;Hauri et al 2015;Wetzel et al 2015) and that the isotopic composition of this water is approximately chondritic (Friedman et al 1974;Saal et al 2013;Barnes et al 2014;Füri et al 2014;Tartèse et al 2014). Although these results and their generality to the Moon as a whole are not universally accepted (Sharp et al 2010;Greenwood et al 2011;Albarède et al 2015), these observations have been interpreted as signifying a common origin for terrestrial and lunar water ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent detections of dissolved water in lunar volcanic glasses and melt inclusions (Saal et al 2008;Hauri et al 2011;Saal et al 2013;Chen et al 2015;Wetzel et al 2015), lunar apatites (Boyce et al 2010;McCubbin et al 2010;Greenwood et al 2011;Tartèse et al 2014), and plagioclase from lunar highland anorthosites (Hui et al 2013) have led to a reevaluation of what has appeared for decades to be one of the definitive results of the study of lunar samples: i.e., that the sources of lunar magmas-and, by inference, the entire Moon-are much poorer in water than the Earth; indeed the Moon had been described as "bone dry" (Newsom and Taylor 1989). In particular, direct measurements of water in incompletely degassed, primitive lunar glasses made in several laboratories have shown that water concentrations are similar to those observed in magmas from Earth's depleted upper mantle (Saal et al 2008;Chen et al 2015;Hauri et al 2015;Wetzel et al 2015) and that the isotopic composition of this water is approximately chondritic (Friedman et al 1974;Saal et al 2013;Barnes et al 2014;Füri et al 2014;Tartèse et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solubility of water in lunar basalt at low pH2O

Newcombe

Brett

Beckett

et al. 2017

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. AbstractWe report the solubility of water in Apollo 15 basaltic 'Yellow Glass' and an iron-free basaltic analog composition at 1 atm and 1350 °C. We equilibrated melts in a 1-atm furnace with flowing H 2 /CO 2 gas mixtures that spanned ~8 orders of magnitude in fO 2 (from three orders of magnitude more reducing than the iron-wüstite buffer, IW−3.0, to IW+4.8) and ~4 orders of magnitude in pH 2 /pH 2 O (from 0.003 to 24). Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), our quenched experimental glasses contain 69-425 ppm total water (by weight). Our results demonstrate that under the conditions of our experiments: (1) hydroxyl is the only H-bearing species detected by FTIR; (2) the solubility of water is proportional to the square root of pH 2 O in the furnace atmosphere and is independent of fO 2 and pH 2 /pH 2 O; (3) the solubility of water is very similar in both melt compositions; (4) the concentration of H 2 in our iron-free experiments is <~4 ppm, even at oxygen fugacities as low as IW−2.3 and pH 2 /pH 2 O as high as 11; (5) Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of water in iron-rich glasses equilibrated under variable fO 2 conditions may be strongly influenced by matrix effects, even when the concentration of water in the glasses is low; and (6) Our results can be used to constrain the entrapment pressure of lunar melt inclusions and the partial pressures of water and molecular hydrogen in the carrier gas of the lunar pyroclastic glass beads. We find that the most water-rich melt inclusion of Hauri et al.(2011) would be in equilibrium with a vapor with pH 2 O ~3 bar and pH 2 ~8 bar. We constrain the partial pressures of water and molecular hydrogen in the carrier gas of the lunar pyroclastic glass beads to be 0.0005 bar and 0.0011 bar respectively. We calculate that batch degassing of lunar magmas containing initial volatile contents of 1200 ppm H 2 O (dissolved primarily as hydroxyl) and 4-64 ppm C would produce enough vapor to reach the critical vapor volume fraction thought to be required for magma 2 fragmentation (~65-75 vol. %) at a total pressure of ~5 bar (corresponding to a depth beneath the lunar surface of ~120 m). At a fragmentation pressure of ~5 bar, the calculated vapor composition is dominated by H 2 , supporting the hypothesis that H 2 , rather than CO, was the primary propellant of the lunar fire fountain eruptions. The results of our batch degassing model suggest that initial melt compositions with >~200 ppm C would be required for the vapor composition to be dominated by CO rather than H 2 at 65-75 % vesicularity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Which Volatile Species Likely Dominated In the Vapor That Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Which Volatile Species Likely Dominated In the Vapor That Drmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solubility of water in lunar basalt at low pH2O

Newcombe

Brett

Beckett

et al. 2017

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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Asteroid bombardment and the core of Theia as possible sources for the Earth's late veneer component

Sleep

2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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The silicate Earth contains Pt-group elements in roughly chondritic relative ratios, but with absolute concentrations <1% chondrite. This veneer implies addition of chondritelike material with 0.3-0.7% mass of the Earth's mantle or an equivalent planet-wide thickness of 5-20 km. The veneer thickness, 200-300 m, within the lunar crust and mantle is much less. One hypothesis is that the terrestrial veneer arrived after the moon-forming impact within a few large asteroids that happened to miss the smaller Moon.Alternatively, most of terrestrial veneer came from the core of the moon-forming impactor, Theia. The Moon then likely contains iron from Theia's core. Mass balances lend plausibility. The lunar core mass is ~1.6×10 21 kg and the excess FeO component in the lunar mantle is 1.3-3.5×10 21 kg as Fe, totaling 3-5×10 21 kg or a few percent of Theia's core. This mass is comparable to the excess Fe of 2.3-10×10 21 kg in the Earth's mantle inferred from the veneer component. Chemically in this hypothesis, Fe metal from Theia's core entered the Moon-forming disk. H 2 O and Fe 2 O 3 in the disk oxidized part of the Fe, leaving the lunar mantle near a Fe-FeO buffer. The remaining iron metal condensed, gathered Pt-group elements eventually into the lunar core. The silicate Moon is strongly depleted in Pt-group elements. In contrast, the Earth's mantle contained excess oxidants, H 2 O and Fe 2 O 3 , which quantitatively oxidized the admixed Fe from Theia's

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Evaluation of deep moonquake source parameters: Implication for fault characteristics and thermal state

et al. 2017

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While deep moonquakes are seismic events commonly observed on the Moon, their source mechanism is still unexplained. The two main issues are poorly constrained source parameters and incompatibilities between the thermal profiles suggested by many studies and the apparent need for brittle properties at these depths. In this study, we reinvestigated the deep moonquake data to reestimate its source parameters and uncover the characteristics of deep moonquake faults that differ from those on Earth. We first improve the estimation of source parameters through spectral analysis using “new” broadband seismic records made by combining those of the Apollo long‐ and short‐period seismometers. We use the broader frequency band of the combined spectra to estimate corner frequencies and DC values of spectra, which are important parameters to constrain the source parameters. We further use the spectral features to estimate seismic moments and stress drops for more than 100 deep moonquake events from three different source regions. This study revealed that deep moonquake faults are extremely smooth compared to terrestrial faults. Second, we reevaluate the brittle‐ductile transition temperature that is consistent with the obtained source parameters. We show that the source parameters imply that the tidal stress is the main source of the stress glut causing deep moonquakes and the large strain rate from tides makes the brittle‐ductile transition temperature higher. Higher transition temperatures open a new possibility to construct a thermal model that is consistent with deep moonquake occurrence and pressure condition and thereby improve our understandings of the deep moonquake source mechanism.

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Water, fluorine, and sulfur concentrations in the lunar mantle

Cited by 103 publications

References 66 publications

Solubility of water in lunar basalt at low pH2O

Solubility of water in lunar basalt at low pH2O

Asteroid bombardment and the core of Theia as possible sources for the Earth's late veneer component

Evaluation of deep moonquake source parameters: Implication for fault characteristics and thermal state

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