Water Footprint of Wheat in Iraq

Abstract

The water footprint (WF) is an indicator of indirect and direct fresh water use. In respect of facilitating decision-making processes, WF gives an excellent perspective on how and where fresh water is used in the supply chain. More than 39 million people live in Iraq and, with a growing population, there is a water shortage and a rising demand for food that cannot be met in the future. In this study, the WF of wheat production is estimated for the year 2016–2017 for 15 Iraqi provinces. The WF was calculated using the method of Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011) and the CROPWAT and CLIMWAT softwares’ crop water requirement option. It was found that the WF in m3/ton was 1876 m3/ton. The 15 provinces showed variations in WFs, which can be ascribed to the difference in climate and production values. The highest wheat WF was found in Nineveh province, followed by Muthanna, Anbar, and Basra. The last three provinces produce little and have a high WF so, in these provinces, wheat can be replaced with crops that need less water and provide more economic benefit. There is an opportunity to reduce the green WF by increasing production from the 4 rain-fed provinces, which will reduce the need for production from the irrigated provinces and, therefore, reduce the use of blue water.

Structural Characteristics of Developed Sustainable Lime-Straw Composite

“…Iraq occupies the 31st position in global wheat production. The average wheat production in Iraq is 3,753,111 t from 2014 to 2016 [18]. Therefore, the use of straw fiber for building purposes provides a sustainable and ecological approach of recycling [14].…”

Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of severe metal pollution of street dust from various urban regions in Baghdad, Iraq

“…Relative ratios of zinc and ICEPP 2019 copper that showed less than zinc and copper access (more than 90%) of road dust and soil were recorded on the side of the road along a semi-urban area, Italy [18]. However, our results from Vital Bio Cr were higher than CR (5.83%) of urban street dust in the mega city, Nanjing, China [19].…”

“…This may be related to social and economic procedures occurring in the trade section, there is great amount of length. constructing and height inhabitance intensity in the city of Baghdad [19]. Access to minerals in street dust from Iraq has not been reported for comparison with previous studies.…”

“…It has been showed that the concentrations of cadmium in the streets of Kennedy, Jihad and Dora were significantly higher than average rock rates, and based on Igyo found moderately contaminated to strong pollution on the same streets suggesting that human resources have a severe impact on the quality of these functional areas [18]. In addition, some weather conditions such as high temperature as well as reconstruction of the infrastructure of the city of Baghdad, lead to the wear of pots, dikes, bulbs and wall, often includes weighty minerals like Zn, Cu, Cd and Cr, in the end, can lead These include emission of minerals into civilian climate and summation of dust in urban streets [19]. Hence, the region should pay attention to pollution in the future.…”

Preparation, characterization and analysis of zinc oxide nano-particles using a sol-gel technique as an inhibitor for bacteria

“…The other appeared peaks in the FTIR chart maybe refer to the adsorbed CO 2 from the atmosphere. (Ewaid and Al-Ansari, 2019;Ewaid et al, 2019).…”