Water for Energy: Systems Integration and Analysis to Address Resource Challenges

Stillwell, Ashlynn S.; Mroue, Ahmed M.; Rhodes, Joshua D.; Cook, Margaret A.; Sperling, Joshua; Hussey, Tyler; Burnett, David; Webber, Michael E.

doi:10.1007/s40518-017-0081-5

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Due to the need for cooling to remove waste heat, thermoelectric power plants require large amounts of water and usually draw water from rivers or lakes to cool down their units [2,3]. Water reuse practices consist of the use of alternative sources and the reduction of volumes captured [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recirculating cooling system, water is kept in a closed loop with a cooling tower and uses ambient air to cool its temperature. This kind of system draws much less water from the environment, compared to the open cycle, but consumes more than the closed cycle due to water evaporation [2][3][4]. Blowing down is removing part of the circulating water and replacing it with fresh water to decrease the concentration of chemical substances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of chloride, sulfate, and ammonium ions on the semiconducting behavior and corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel passive film

Pesqueira,

Luiz,

Andrade

et al. 2023

Matéria (Rio J.)

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Water cooling systems usually receive additional chemical treatment and different features to prevent pitting corrosion on stainless steel which is dependent on medium factors such as species concentration. Chloride is an aggressive ion with which sulfate can act as an inhibitor. By applying cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott-Schottky plots, the behavior of 304 stainless steel (304 SS) was evaluated in solutions containing chloride, sulfate and ammonium ions. The polarization curves indicated the inhibiting effect of sulfate ions against pitting corrosion and the increase of the repassivation potential with increasing ammonium concentration. The most pronounced inhibiting effect occurred with a smaller ratio between chloride and sulfate ions (1:2). By EIS, the values obtained for charge transfer resistance of 304 SS sample corroborated the results of the cyclic voltammetry, ranging between 0.4 and 0.7 MΩcm 2 . The passive film showed semiconductor behavior, in agreement with the model of the chromium oxide inner layer and iron oxide outer layer. The passive films formed were highly doped, with doping density values on the order of 10 20-21 cm -1 . The difference between the corrosion potential and the flat band potential was found in the solutions where the material was less susceptible to corrosion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of chloride, sulfate, and ammonium ions on the semiconducting behavior and corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel passive film

Pesqueira,

Luiz,

Andrade

et al. 2023

Matéria (Rio J.)

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show abstract

“…Besides hydropower, a large amount of water is used at thermoelectric power facilities for cooling purposes (Vassolo and Doll 2005, Stillwell et al 2011, Byers et al 2014, Grubert and Webber 2015, Sanders 2015, Stillwell et al 2017. Consequently, global power productions may be exposed to water-related risks, especially under a changing climate (van Vliet et al 2012, Byers et al 2016, van Vliet et al 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of water use in China’s electric power sector from 2000 to 2015

Liao

Hall

2018

Environ. Res. Lett.

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This study, for the first time, investigates the historical changes of the water use in China's electric power sector on a regional level and quantifies the impacts of four factors that have influenced the remarkable changes: population, power production per capita, power plants' type and their cooling technology choice. From 2000 to 2015, water withdrawal and consumption in China's electric power sector, excluding hydropower, have increased from 40.75 and 1.25 billion m 3 , respectively, to 124.06 and 4.86 billion m 3 . As population growth in China has stabilized, population no longer provides an upward pressure on power production and the corresponding water use. On the contrary, power production per capita has played the most significant role contributing to 103.40 and 3.84 billion m 3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases respectively, though the effect is now leveling off. The electric power sector's water use would have been much greater had it not been for changes in plant type and cooling water technology. Energy transformation to low-carbon sources has mitigated water withdrawals and consumption by 14.46 and 0.43 billion m 3 respectively during the study period. This beneficial reduction in water use is a co-benefit of a series of policies primarily aimed to reduce carbon emissions and other air pollutants. Changing cooling technologies has offset 14.07 and 0.10 billion m 3 of water withdrawal and consumption increases nationally, but the effects varied by region.

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The changing virtual water trade network of the European electric grid

Chini

Stillwell

2020

Applied Energy

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Water for Energy: Systems Integration and Analysis to Address Resource Challenges

Cited by 5 publications

References 62 publications

The effect of chloride, sulfate, and ammonium ions on the semiconducting behavior and corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel passive film

The effect of chloride, sulfate, and ammonium ions on the semiconducting behavior and corrosion resistance of AISI 304 stainless steel passive film

Drivers of water use in China’s electric power sector from 2000 to 2015

The changing virtual water trade network of the European electric grid

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