Water Injection to Improve Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency

Cordier, Matthieu; Lecompte, Matthieu; Malbec, Louis-Marie; Reveille, Benjamin; Servant, Cedric; Souidi, Faycal; Torcolini, Nicola

doi:10.4271/2019-01-1139

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this frame, water injection technology can be used as an alternative way to control the charge temperature at the end of the intake process and during the combustion phase, thus reducing the risk of abnormal combustion in downsized and highly boosted GDI engines. Water injection can potentially enable λ = 1 operation in high-load and highspeed operation, even adopting high compression ratios [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], thereby gaining significant benefits in terms of engine efficiency while preserving the after-treatment system efficacy in controlling exhaust emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [9], Iacobacci et al investigated the potential of a PWI system based on PFI injectors supplied with water at 25 • C (P inj = 4 bar,g), changing the water/fuel ratio to mitigate the knock tendency at full load. Cordier et al [10] tested different water injection technologies on a single-cylinder research engine, obtaining significant efficiency improvements. For the tested PWI configuration, P inj was varied in the range of 5-20 bar,g, but no details about the resulting spray characteristics were reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experimental Analysis of Water Pressure and Temperature Influence on Atomization and Evolution of a Port Water Injection Spray

Postrioti

Brizi²,

Finori

2021

Applied Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Port water injection (PWI) is considered one of the most promising technologies to actively control the increased knock tendency of modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, which are rapidly evolving with the adoption of high compression ratios and increased brake mean effective pressure levels in the effort to improve their thermal efficiency. For PWI technology, appropriately matching the spray evolution and the intake system design along with obtaining a high spray atomization quality, are crucial tasks for promoting water evaporation so as to effectively cool down the air charge with moderate water consumption and lubricant dilution drawbacks. In the present paper, a detailed experimental analysis of a low-pressure water spray is presented, covering a lack of experimental data on automotive PWI systems. Phase doppler anemometry and fast-shutter spray imaging allowed us to investigate the influence exerted by the injection pressure level and by the water temperature on spray drop size and global shape, obtaining a complete database to be used for the optimization of PWI systems. The obtained results evidence how significant benefits in terms of atomization quality can be obtained by adopting injection pressure and water temperature levels compliant with standard low injection pressure technologies.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Analysis of Water Pressure and Temperature Influence on Atomization and Evolution of a Port Water Injection Spray

Postrioti

Brizi²,

Finori

2021

Applied Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Distilled water was also tested at ambient conditions for comparison. It is noted that apart from its relevance as a hydrous ethanol component, there has been great interest recently in the atomisation of water by direct injection for increasing the thermal efficiency of engines [47][48][49][50][51]. Some typical properties of the three fuels and water related to atomisation are summarised in Table 1 at atmospheric temperature and pressure for easy reference.…”

Section: Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spray development of iso-octane, ethanol, hydrous ethanol and water from a multi-hole injector under ultra cold fuel temperature conditions

Aleiferis

Shukla

Brewer

et al. 2021

Fuel

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multi-hole injectors for direct-injection spark-ignition engines offer atomisation benefits and flexibility in fuel targeting by selection of the number and orientation of the nozzle's holes. However, the spray formation process from multi-hole injectors has been mostly studied for hot fuel conditions and no quantitative data really exist with fuel temperatures representative of engine operation at cold-start. The challenge is further complicated by the predicted fuel stock which will include a significant bio-derived component presenting the requirement to manage fuel sustainability. The thermophysical properties of bio-components like ethanol differ markedly from typical hydrocarbons found in gasoline like iso-octane. Moreover, the production of anhydrous ethanol fuel involves separating water and ethanol by way of distillation and dehydration in an energy intensive process. This work presents results from an optical investigation into the effect of atomisation for iso-octane, anhydrous ethanol, hydrous ethanol with 10% water content per volume and water. Tests were first carried out at ambient conditions of 20 °C, 1 bar with 150 bar injection pressure using high-speed spray imaging. Then the fuel temperature was lowered to -5 °C, -10 °C and -15 °C to focus on spray formation analysis at realistic cold-start engine conditions. Droplet sizing was also conducted by Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). The thermophysical properties of all fuels, including vapour pressure, density, viscosity and surface tension, as well as distillation curves, were obtained over a range of temperatures, and the Reynolds, Weber and Ohnesorge numbers were considered in the analysis. The results revealed the degree of suppression of atomisation for each type of fuel at cold temperatures and effects on spray penetration and cone angle, with ethanol fuels exhibiting the strongest effect in the form of longer initial delay out of the nozzle and shorter penetration.

show abstract

“…Brusca's [9,10] studies also showed how water injection can increase anti-knock properties of fuel. Cordier [11] showed the effects of water injection on knock mitigation and completed a comparison of the effects of DWI as opposed to PWI.…”

Section: Water Injection For Increased Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Water Ingestion on Combustion Performance in a Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engine

Lindfors¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study experimentally investigated the effect of unintended water ingestion on a spark ignited internal combustion engine. Testing was performed on a 2.0L inline four cylinder turbocharged engine. Port water injection (with two different levels of atomization) was utilized to introduce water into the combustion system. Five speed / load points were tested from 1300 rpm 3 bar BMEP to 3250 rpm 15 bar BMEP. Testing was done with constant air charge as well as constant throttle emulating the in-vehicle scenario. The water to fuel ratio (W/F) was swept until COV of IMEP reached at least 20% and misfires were detected. With the addition of water, initially combustion performance degrades rapidly, however, once water vapor reaches saturation in the manifold, additional water has less of an impact, until ultimately in-cylinder water content is high enough to induce misfire. High engine loads are seen to be more resistant to combustion degradation due to water ingestion.

show abstract

Water Injection to Improve Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Experimental Analysis of Water Pressure and Temperature Influence on Atomization and Evolution of a Port Water Injection Spray

Experimental Analysis of Water Pressure and Temperature Influence on Atomization and Evolution of a Port Water Injection Spray

Spray development of iso-octane, ethanol, hydrous ethanol and water from a multi-hole injector under ultra cold fuel temperature conditions

Impact of Water Ingestion on Combustion Performance in a Spark Ignited Internal Combustion Engine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About