Water mobility during drying of hard and soft type latex: Systematic GARField 1H NMR relaxometry studies

Voogt, Benjamin; Huinink, H.P.; Erich, Sjf Sebastiaan; Scheerder, Jürgen; Venema, Paul; Adan, O.C.G.

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.06.011

Cited by 10 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This behavior was explained before by the evaporation of water and the decrease in polymer hydrogen mobility. 29 The relative hydrogen density ρ long for T 2,long decreases, as can be seen in Figure 6d. Figure 7b shows the correlation of ρ long with H min / H ( t ), proving the relation between the decrease of ρ long and the loss of mobile hydrogen atoms due to evaporation of water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…T 2 relaxations can be split into dipole effects T 2,dip and a diffusion part T 2,diff In a previous work, we have shown that with the current experimental conditions with t e = 40 μs, mainly hydrogen relaxations due to dipolar interactions T 2,dip are probed. 29 Dephasing due to diffusion in the NMR gradient at this echo time does not play a significant role.…”

Section: Experimental and Theoretical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Film Formation of High T_g Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

et al. 2019

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The film formation of acrylic latex dispersions, containing different amounts of carboxylic acid functional groups by the incorporation of methacrylic acid (MAA), was studied with GARField 1H NMR at various relative humidities (RH). Polymer particles with glass-transition temperatures in the range from 26 to 50 °C formed films at room temperature because of hydroplasticization. It was found that with an increased drying rate due to lower RH, the evaporation flux of water was limited by the latex polymer. Only in the second stage of drying this phenomenon was more obvious with increasing MAA content. 1H NMR relaxometry was used to study the change of hydrogen mobilities during film formation and hardening of the films. This showed that the drying rate itself had no impact on the hydrogen mobility in the latex films as measured via the T2 relaxation time. Hydrogen mobilities of water and the mobile polymer phase only significantly decrease after most water has evaporated. This implies that the rigidity of the polymers increases with the evaporation of water that otherwise plasticizes the polymer through hydrogen bonding with the carboxylic acid groups. This hardening of the polymer phase is essential for applications in a coating. The hydrogen mobilities were affected by the MAA concentration. Densities of mobile hydrogens increase with increasing MAA content. This is expected if the mobile protons are contained in the MAA groups. The result thus confirms the role of carboxylic acid groups in hydrogen bonding and plasticization of the copolymers. Hydrogen mobilities, however, decrease with increasing MAA content, which is hypothesized to be caused by the formation of dimers of carboxylic acid groups that still hold water. They still enable short-range polymer hydrogen mobility due to hydroplasticization but limit long-range polymer mobility due to interaction between the carboxylic acid groups.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Experimental and Theoretical Detailsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Film Formation of High T_g Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

et al. 2019

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“…Nevertheless, we value this particular study as GARField has the potential to perform a similar study, but with high spatial resolution in depth. Lastly, a study performed by B. Voogt et al [ 107 ] is used to explain how diffusivity can be used to determine structural information using the above mentioned setups.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on cement like-materials such as pastes and Portland cement have also been performed on STRAFI [ 134 , 135 , 136 ] and MOUSE [ 135 , 137 ]. In other studies, this separation based on relaxation times was used to separately study water and polymer contribution in latex films [ 105 , 107 ], human skin [ 138 ] and another group of polymers such as Polyurethane coatings [ 139 ], plasticizing of nylon-6 [ 140 , 141 ], semi-crystalline polyethylene [ 142 ] and photo-polymerization of methacrylate [ 143 ]. Additionally, medical applications, such as the binding behavior of collagen-binding liposomes, have been studied [ 144 , 145 ].…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NMR Profiling of Reaction and Transport in Thin Layers: A Review

et al. 2022

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Reaction and transport processes in thin layers of between 10 and 1000 µm are important factors in determining their performance, stability and degradation. In this review, we discuss the potential of high-gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a tool to study both reactions and transport in these layers spatially and temporally resolved. As the NMR resolution depends on gradient strength, the high spatial resolution required in submillimeter layers can only be achieved with specially designed high-gradient setups. Three different high-gradient setups exist: STRAFI (STRay FIeld), GARField (Gradient-At-Right-angles-to-Field) and MOUSE (MObile Universal Surface Explorer). The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the three techniques and their ability to visualize reactions and transport processes using physical observable properties such as hydrogen density, diffusion, T1- and T2-relaxation. Finally, different examples from literature will be presented to illustrate the wide variety of applications that can be studied and the corresponding value of the techniques.

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“…In addition, some complementary drying monitoring techniques have been reported. These methods are based on reflection and the spectral analysis such as the diffusingwave spectroscopy [2], interferometric technique [4], fiber Bragg grating sensor technique [1], refractometer technique [5], laser speckle image technique [3], terahertz technique [6], ultrasonic reflection method [7], and nuclear magnetic resonance technique [8]. Each of these techniques provides useful information on the drying process state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring drying process of varnish by immersion solid matching method

Niskanen

Lauri

Räty

et al. 2019

Progress in Organic Coatings

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The characterization of the drying process of paints and coatings on the surfaces is important for many industrial applications. We present a new optical method to study the drying process of varnish based on immersion solid matching technique. The principle of the method is to match the refractive index of dry varnish with the added particles, making the dried varnish optically transparent. The state of the drying process can be evaluated by following the transparency of the varnish by visual inspection or imaging by camera. The method has several merits since it is non-contact, fast, simple and low-cost. In addition, particles that are invisible in dry varnish can provide improved properties such as hardness, abrasion and corrosion resistance or retard flammability without sacrificing the optical appearance of the coating.

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Water mobility during drying of hard and soft type latex: Systematic GARField 1H NMR relaxometry studies

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Film Formation of High T_g Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

Film Formation of High T_g Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

NMR Profiling of Reaction and Transport in Thin Layers: A Review

Monitoring drying process of varnish by immersion solid matching method

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Water mobility during drying of hard and soft type latex: Systematic GARField 1H NMR relaxometry studies

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

Film Formation of High Tg Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

Film Formation of High Tg Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

NMR Profiling of Reaction and Transport in Thin Layers: A Review

Monitoring drying process of varnish by immersion solid matching method

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Product

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Film Formation of High T_g Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry

Film Formation of High T_g Latex Using Hydroplasticization: Explanations from NMR Relaxometry