Water Pollution and Minamata Disease

Kiyoura, Raisaku

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-8391-3.50052-x

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is well known that methylmercury (MeHg) is the most toxic and most commonly occurring organomercury compound. The main concern lies in its ability to accumulate in fish tissues, which causes mercury poisoning, as was observed for marine life and humans in Japan and marine birds in Sweden . Because of these risks, MeHg is included in the black list of national and international regulations and is monitored in fish samples by a number of organizations to check the contamination levels.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective Measurement of Ultratrace Methylmercury in Fish by Flow Injection On-Line Microcolumn Displacement Sorption Preconcentration and Separation Coupled with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Yan

Jiang

2003

Anal. Chem.

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A novel nonchromatographic speciation technique for ultratrace methylmercury in biological materials was developed by flow injection microcolumn displacement sorption preconcentration and separation coupled on-line with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). In the developed technique, Cu(II) was first on-line complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), and the resultant Cu-DDTC was presorbed onto a microcolumn packed with the sorbent from a cigarette filter. Selective preconcentration of methylmercury (MeHg) in the presence of Hg(II), ethylmercury (EtHg), and phenylmercury (PhHg) was achieved at pH 6.8 through loading the sample solution onto the microcolumn due to a displacement reaction between MeHg and the presorbed Cu-DDTC. The retained MeHg was subsequently eluted with 50 microL of ethanol and on-line determined by ETAAS. Interferences from coexisting heavy metal ions with lower stability of their DDTC complexes relative to Cu-DDTC were minimized without the need of any masking reagents. No interferences from 5.5 mg L(-1) Cu(II), 4.5 mg L(-1) Cd(II), 2.5 mg L(-1) Cr(III), 3 mg L(-1) Fe(III), 10 mg L(-1) Ni(II), 10 mg L(-1) Pb(II), and at least 25 mg L(-1) Zn(II) were observed for the determination of MeHg at the 50 ng L(-1) level (as Hg). With the consumption of only 3.4 mL of sample solution, an enhancement factor of 75, a detection limit of 6.8 ng L(-1) (as Hg) in the digest (corresponding to 3.4 ng g(-1) in original solid sample for a final 50 mL of digest of 0.1 g of solid material), and a precision (RSD, n = 13) of 2.3% for the determination of methylmercury at the 50 ng L(-1) (as Hg) level were achieved at a sample throughput of 30 samples h(-1). The recoveries of methylmercury spike in real fish samples ranged from 97 to 108%. The developed technique was validated by determination of methylmercury in a certified reference material (DORM-2, dogfish muscle), and was shown to be useful for the determination of methylmercury in real fish samples.

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confidence: 99%

Selective Measurement of Ultratrace Methylmercury in Fish by Flow Injection On-Line Microcolumn Displacement Sorption Preconcentration and Separation Coupled with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Yan

Jiang

2003

Anal. Chem.

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“…Mercury in fish in the methyl form may produce serious effects. Its affinity for the nervous system may lead to destruction of brain cells with subsequent neurological disorders (Hook, Lundgren and Swensson, 1954;Kurland et al, 1960;Irukayama, 1966). Furthermore, methylmercury acts as a mitotic disturbing agent (Ramel, 1969), and the ease with which it penetrates the placental barrier may lead to accumulation in the unborn child (Tejning, 1968), which in turn may result in congenital neurological disorders even when the mother appears unaffected (Kurland, Faro and Siedler, 1960;Irukayama, 1966).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Japan, mercury in effluent from plastics factories resulted in high mercury levels in fish, and consumption of the contaminated fish caused both severe neurological disorders and death in humans (Kurland, Faro, and Siedeler, 1960;Irukayama, 1966). AIM Fimreite (1970) has shown that many Canadian industries use and discharge to the environment considerable quantities of mercury.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury in Fish and Fish-eating Birds near Sites of Industrial Contamination

Fimreite,

Holsworth,

Keith

et al. 1971

The Canadian Field-Naturalist

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Concentrations of mercury were determined in fish muscle, livers and eggs of fish-eating birds, and bivalve molluscs. Most of the material was collected near sites of industrial contamination: a mercury mine, chlor-alkali plants and pulp mills known to use or have used mercury. Most sites showed substantial mercury contamination, especially downstream from the above sources. Mercury levels exceeding 0.5 ppm were found in practically all samples of freshwater fish. Individual walleye (Lake St. Clair), pumpkinseed (St. Clair River), and lake trout (Pinchi Lake) contained concentrations up to 5.01, 7.09, and 10.50 ppm of mercury respectively. Lower levels were found in marine fishes from coastal waters. A positive correlation was found between body weight and mercury concentration in most fish samples, and also between the trophic feeding level and mercury concentration in both fish and fish-eating birds. The highest mercury level in the livers of fish-eating birds was 17.40 ppm (Red-necked Grebe). Four Common Tern eggs averaged 0.58 ppm and two Red-breasted Merganser eggs averaged 0.81 ppm. The mercury concentrations are discussed in terms of published data on hazard to human health and to reproduction in fish-eating birds.Résumé. On a déterminé la concentration de mercure dans la chair de poisson, dans le foie et les oeufs des oiseaux piscivores et dans des mollusques bivalves. La plupart des échantillons ont été prélevés pres de lieux de pollution industrielle: une mine de mercure, des fabriques de chlore et de soude et des papeteries; ces industries font ou ont déja fait usage de mercure. On a constaté dans la plupart des cas des traces de contamination par le mercure et notamment en aval de ces usines. La teneur en mercure excédait 0.5 ppm dans pratiquement tous les échantillons de poisson d'eau douce. Chez des dorés (le lac Sainte-Claire), crapets-soleil (la riviére Sainte-Claire) et truites grises (le lac Pinchi) on a trouvé des concentrations individuelles de mercure aussi élevées que 5.01, 7.09 et 10.50 ppm respectivement. Les poissons d'eaux cOtieres étaient moins contaminés. Dans la plupart des échantillons de poisson, on a constaté un rapport positif entre le poids corporel et la teneur en mercure; un rapport également positif entre le niveau dans la chaine alimentaire et la teneur en mercure a été observé chez les poissons et aussi chez les oiseaux piscivores. La concentration de mercure la plus grande dans le foie des oiseaux piscivores était 17.40 ppm (Grebe jougris). Quatre oeufs de Sterne commune et 1Dept. Zoology, Ontario.

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“…Interest in methylmercury as an environmental contaminant first arose in the 1960s with reports of alkylmercury poisoning of marine life and people in Japan and of birds and marine life in Sweden . Most alkylmercury poisoning incidents have been due to short-term exposure to high levels of these compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, Validation, and Application of a Method for Quantification of Methylmercury in Biological Marine Materials Using Gas Chromatography Atomic Emission Detection

et al. 1996

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A gas chromatographic method was developed for the quantification of alkylmercury species using microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection (GC-AED). The column conditioning and analyte derivatization required for previous methods were found to be unnecessary for stable, accurate, and sensitive element-specific detection using GC-AED. Chromatographic and detection parameters such as stationary phase type, stationary phase film thickness, GC column dimensions, helium mobile phase column head pressure, detector makeup gas flow rate, and detector reagent gas type and flow rate were found to significantly affect analyte response. The detection limit for the optimized GC-AED conditions was 0.8 pg (0.1 pg/s) of methylmercury chloride (as mercury). A solid-liquid extraction procedure with preparative gel permeation chromatography cleanup and GC-AED analysis was used to quantify methylmercury in a variety of complex matrix marine materials. The methylmercury quantification method was validated with four marine certified reference materials (CRMs). The method was then applied to 13 standard reference materials, CRMs, and control materials for which no certified reference values for methylmercury have been determined. Four National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Materials and one control material, which were analyzed using the GC-AED method, were also analyzed by two other laboratories using independent methods to further validate the method.

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Water Pollution and Minamata Disease

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

Selective Measurement of Ultratrace Methylmercury in Fish by Flow Injection On-Line Microcolumn Displacement Sorption Preconcentration and Separation Coupled with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Selective Measurement of Ultratrace Methylmercury in Fish by Flow Injection On-Line Microcolumn Displacement Sorption Preconcentration and Separation Coupled with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Mercury in Fish and Fish-eating Birds near Sites of Industrial Contamination

Development, Validation, and Application of a Method for Quantification of Methylmercury in Biological Marine Materials Using Gas Chromatography Atomic Emission Detection

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