Water Quality Analysis of Drinking Water Resource Lake Sapanca and Suggestions for the Solution of the Pollution Problem in the Context of Sustainable Environment Approach

Abstract

Lake Sapanca is the drinking water source of the Sakarya province of Turkey. Intensive urbanization in the region is the main obstacle to implementing appropriate physical planning and measures to adapt to rapid change. The monitoring of the water quality parameters in the planning and management of the lakes is significant. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), a mathematical representation of the human brain’s functioning, was employed to estimate the Lake’s Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration. pH, Magnesium (Mg), Temperature (Temp), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Orthophosphate (o-PO4), Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N), and Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N) were used as independent parameters. The successful ANN model gives better results compared to the traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The developed model can be used for forecast purposes to complete the missing data in the future and support the decision process for pollution reduction through sustainable environmental management. The eutrophication threat for Lake Sapanca has been revealed. The main objective is to create the scientific infrastructure that will draw attention to the rapid urbanization problem with ANN and eutrophication models’ outputs. It has been understood that the protection of the water budget of Lake Sapanca is the primary solution method in terms of ecological sustainability to eliminate the existing pollution.

A Study of Assessment and Prediction of Water Quality Index Using Fuzzy Logic and ANN Models

“…The neural network showed an R 2 value of 0.88 and an MSE of 5.5% for the validation dataset. Akiner and Akiner [74] used an ANN model to estimate the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water. The model performed better (R 2 = 0.856 and MSE = 9.5%) than the traditional multiple linear regression analysis.…”

Ecological status estimation of eight creeks in the Lake Sapanca Basin (Sakarya, Turkey) using diatom indices

“…In their study, they have mentioned the importance of the transport of chemicals by surface runoff. Moreover, Akıner and Akıner (2021) have evaluated 20 years of data obtained from these creeks and underlined that phosphorus loading shifts the lake from an oligotrophic to a eutrophic state.…”

“…Moreover, various watercourses in the western Mediterranean (Toudjani et al, 2017), North Aegean (Çelekli et al, 2018), and Gaziantep region (Çelekli and Arslanargun, 2019) were studied using these indices. Although there are some studies on Lake Sapanca (Temel, 1996;Akçaalan et al, 2007;Yılmaz and Aykulu, 2010), and on its creeks (Arman et al, 2009;Ateş et al, 2020;Akıner and Akıner, 2021), no studies were done on the diatom flora or diatom indices to evaluate the water quality of the creeks feeding the lake. For this reason, this study aims to assess the ecological status of eight creeks feeding Lake Sapanca using diatom indices developed from different ecoregion and to define the most important environmental factor(s) driving the distribution of epilithic diatom assemblages.…”

Long-Term Rainfall Information Forecast by Utilizing Constrained Amount of Observation through Artificial Neural Network Approach

“…e only output was rainfall in Western Australia using the qualified input data, and good results were obtained. Akıner and Akıner [19] conducted water quality simulation in Lake Sapanca by adopting an ANN technique to point out the main threats for superficial water quality deterioration.…”