Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk of drinking water from source to point of use at Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province

Luvhimbi, N; Tshitangano, Takalani G.; Mabunda, Jabulani; Olaniyi, F C; Edokpayi, Joshua N.

doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10092-4

Cited by 43 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Whilst we did not ask participants their reasons for relying on borehole water as their main water source, which was identified as a shortcoming of our research, several reasons may be surmised. Water supply as a basic service is oftentimes unreliable in rural areas in Limpopo with frequent disruptions in supply (Nguyen et al 2021 ; Luvhimbi et al 2022 ; Majuru et al 2012 ). Another consideration may be that surface water from rivers or dams may be deemed less suitable for human consumption; in terms of quality compared to groundwater (Madilonga et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations between personal exposure to elevated concentrations of arsenic in water and soil and blood arsenic levels amongst people living in rural areas in Limpopo, South Africa

Kapwata

Wright

Reddy

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Exposure to arsenic even at low levels can lead to adverse health outcomes, however, there is a paucity of research from South Africa in relation to human exposure to arsenic. We investigated long-term exposure of residents in Limpopo province, South Africa, in a cross-sectional study by analysing water, soil and blood arsenic concentrations from two arsenic-exposed (high and medium–low exposure) villages and one non-exposed (control) village. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of arsenic in water, soil and blood amongst the three sites. The median drinking water arsenic concentration in the high-exposure village was 1.75 µg/L (range = 0.02 to 81.30 µg/L), 0.45 µg/L (range = 0.100 to 6.00 µg/L) in the medium- / low-exposure village and 0.15 µg/L (range = < limit of detection (LOD) to 29.30 µg/L) in the control site. The median soil arsenic concentration in the high-exposure village was 23.91 mg/kg (range = < LOD to 92.10 mg/kg) whilst arsenic concentrations were below the limit of detection in all soil samples collected from the medium-/low-exposure and control villages. In the high-exposure village, the median blood arsenic concentration was 1.6 µg/L (range = 0.7 to 4.2 µg/L); 0.90 µg/L (range = < LOD to 2.5 µg/L) in the medium-/low-exposure village and 0.6 µg/L (range = < LOD to 3.3 µg/L) in the control village. Significant percentages of drinking water, soil and blood samples from the exposed sites were above the internationally recommended guidelines (namely, 10 µg/L, 20 mg/kg and 1 µg/L, respectively). Majority of participants (86%) relied on borehole water for drinking and there was a significant positive correlation between arsenic in blood and borehole water (p-value = 0.031). There was also a statistically significant correlation between arsenic concentrations in participants’ blood and soil samples collected from gardens (p-value = 0.051). Univariate quantile regression found that blood arsenic concentrations increased by 0.034 µg/L (95% CI = 0.02–0.05) for each one unit increase in water arsenic concentrations (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, water source and homegrown vegetable consumption in multivariate quantile regression, participants from the high-exposure site had significantly higher blood concentrations than those in the control site (coefficient: 1.00; 95% CI = 0.25–1.74; p-value = 0.009) demonstrating that blood arsenic is a good biomarker of arsenic exposure. Our findings also provide new evidence for South Africa on the association between drinking water and arsenic exposure, emphasising the need for the provision of potable water for human consumption in areas with high environmental arsenic concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relations between personal exposure to elevated concentrations of arsenic in water and soil and blood arsenic levels amongst people living in rural areas in Limpopo, South Africa

Kapwata

Wright

Reddy

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…In a volume of 100-230 m 3 , the effluent would have BOD of 430-1200 ppm and total solids concentration of roughly 6500 ppm. Cottage businesses did not follow the rules of the pollution control board, whereas organized textile industries treated textile effluents before dumping them into bodies of water [112,113]. Textile effluents are typically hot, alkaline, odorous, as well as colourful.…”

Section: Impact On Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Dyes for Textile Colouration: Process, Factors and Environmental Impact

Islam¹,

Islam²,

Islam³

et al. 2022

Text Leather Rev

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Dyes are substances that enhance the appearance of finished goods by providing uniform colour. Dyeing is the application process of dyes that are fixed in textile fibers. The dyeing process uses various steps, including pre-treatment, desizing, scouring, bleaching, carbonizing, degumming, and mercerization. Water is considered the primary medium for applying dyes and other chemicals for this treatment in the dyeing process. The dyeing process contains many toxic chemicals, metals and non-soluble substances, such as wastewater, which is thrown into the environment. It is noted that, during dyeing , around 50-300 liters of water is required for 1 kg of fiber. On the other hand, 1-2 million liters of water are needed every day for 50,000 meters of daily production. This massive amount of toxic wastewater is highly harmful to the environment, human health, aquatic system, soil, air, water, plants, and animals. This review paper states various dyeing processes with different dyes, including acid dye, direct dye, sulfur dye, reactive dye, vat dye, metal complex dye, azo dye, disperse dye, and basic dye. In contrast, it also describes the influencing factors of dyeing processes and methods. Moreover, this review demonstrates the impacts of textile dyes on the environment (water, soil, air emissions, human health) and illustrates possible remedial actions regarding wastewater.

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“…Water's physical, chemical, biological, and aesthetic features are used to describe its quality and determine its suitability for a range of purposes, including human health and aquatic environment protection. (Luvhimbi et al,2022). Water quality has been linked to health outcomes across the world contamination of groundwater can harm human health (Peiyui et al, 2021).…”

Section: Consumer Health Risk On Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impacts on Consumer Health from Dug Well Contamination - A Crucial Drinking Water Source

Thaniem¹,

Prakash²,

Muniyandi³

2022

IJRASET

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Main objective of this review is to analyse potential sources of pollution, constituents, consumer health risks related to contaminated drinking water, and remediation strategies. Dug wells with poorly protected well mouth-covering or unlined wells are more susceptible to biological and chemical contamination. Physical irregularities in the lining and covering of the well act as a door to the entry of pollutants into the well. Residential, municipal, commercial, industrial, and agricultural activities can have an impact on ground water quality. Agriculture is one of the most common human activities that have an impact on both surface and groundwater. Water resource quality is determined by geological characteristics such as soil kinds, topography slope, plant roots, water dissolution with minerals/soils, and the radioactive decay of elements. Septic tanks, pit latrines, and sewer systems are the main source of faecal contamination in the groundwater system. Pesticides, fertilisers, and livestock dung frequently introduce heavy metals into aquifers, posing a direct hazard to human health. Waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, syphilis, and typhoid have been linked to a lack of adequate water. Drinking water containing various anions and heavy metals, such as Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, and others, has a substantial negative impact on human health. Drinking water treatment removes impurities from the source water, making it safe to drink. The long-term goal of decontamination is to detect and remove hazardous compounds from water cost-effectively and reliably.

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Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk of drinking water from source to point of use at Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province

Cited by 43 publications

References 46 publications

Relations between personal exposure to elevated concentrations of arsenic in water and soil and blood arsenic levels amongst people living in rural areas in Limpopo, South Africa

Relations between personal exposure to elevated concentrations of arsenic in water and soil and blood arsenic levels amongst people living in rural areas in Limpopo, South Africa

Synthetic Dyes for Textile Colouration: Process, Factors and Environmental Impact

The Impacts on Consumer Health from Dug Well Contamination - A Crucial Drinking Water Source

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