Water Reclamation and Reuse

Abstract

A review of the literature published in 2012 on topics related to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects, (2) Treatment technologies: integrated process design, membrane treatment, membrane bioreactors, electrocoagulation, ion exchange and adsorption, wetlands, managed aquifer recharge, and (3) Planning and management: public acceptance and education, economics/pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies. It can be seen from this review that much of the treatment technology research has focused on membrane treatment, integrated designs and other innovative technologies.

Interplay of Biologically Active Carbon Filtration and Chlorine-Based Disinfection in Mitigating the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Water Reuse Distribution Systems

“…Several attributes of RWDSs hypothetically make them suitable environments for the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. For example, reclaimed water tends to be higher in organic carbon and nitrogen contents relative to potable water, ,, which can stimulate undesirable microbial proliferation in the distribution system. Further, RWDSs are often used only seasonally and tend to experience prolonged water age and stagnation, both of which are known to create conditions more amenable to pathogen survival and growth in biofilms .…”

“…Few studies have examined the effects of GAC or BAC filtration on ARBs (e.g., 3-log reduction in resistant Escherichia coli, enterococci and staphylococci by GAC) or ARGs [e.g., 0.55–1.21-log removal of tet (W), tet (O), and sul1 genes], and there is a little mechanistic insight into the effects. Further, it is unknown how coupling BAC treatment with the subsequent addition of chlorine or chloramine, which are widely applied as secondary disinfectants for nonpotable reuse, ,, might act synergistically to amplify or attenuate the carriage of ARGs. Some studies have shown that increasing the contact time of chlorination can co-select for ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) associated with ARGs, , while others have reported effective removal of ARGs following chlorination …”

Metal Ion Removal from Wastewaters by Sorption on Activated Carbon, Cement Kiln Dust, and Sawdust

“…Removal of toxic metals from contaminated gray water has received increasing attention. Remediation of toxic metal contaminated waters using environmentally friendly and lowcost sorbents is a potentially applicable option (Pei et al, 2013). Recently, many studies have focused on the development of nonconventional alternative sorbents produced from renewable and low-cost resources, which can be used for the removal of metal from different aqueous solutions and wastewaters (Gupta et al, 2009).…”