Water‐related dermatoses

Abstract

Water‐related dermatoses are a spectrum of diseases that are associated with water exposure. They result either from the direct influence of water or after injury from water inhabitants. In this review, clinical entities that manifest after water exposure (aquagenic pruritus, aquagenic urticaria, and aquagenic wrinkling of the palms) will be discussed with particular focus on the reported pathogenesis. Aquatic organisms and activities can be linked to cutaneous injuries that require identification and distinct management. Marine and freshwater dermatoses were summarized to provide physicians with easy access to the causative organism, method of injury, and appropriate management.

Presence and Characteristics of Senile Pruritus among Danish Elderly Living in Nursing Homes

“…Other potential underlying causes of chronic itch were indicated as showering or being in bed/resting, skin rash located at the same body regions as the itch, and heat as reported by 53.8, 15.4 and 7.7%, respectively. The reporting of showering as an activity that triggers itch may indicate aquagenic pruritus [35]. The presence of skin rash may also point to an underlying dermatologic disease causing chronic itch.…”

Aquagenic urticaria: Water, friend, or foe?

“…5 The condition typically develops during puberty and shows a chronic behavior. 8 For most individuals, disease occurs sporadically and without any accompanying diseases. All of the above is consistent with our case presentation.…”

Pool Toes: Case Report and Review of Pool-Associated Pedal Dermatoses

“…Asteatotic dermatitis Xerosis [1] Contact dermatitis: allergic Pool water dermatitis, swim fin dermatitis [2][3] Contact dermatitis: irritant Pool dermatitis [4] Friction-induced injury Pool toes, subcorneal hematoma [5,6] Infection: bacterial Erythrasma, gram-negative toe web infection, pitted keratolysis, pseudomonas hot-foot syndrome, toe web infection [7][8][9][10] Infection: fungal Dermatophyte infection, erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica, toe web infection [10][11][12][13] Infection: mycobacterial Mycobacterium abscessus hand-and-foot disease [14] Infection: viral Plantar verruca [11,15] Keratoderma Aquagenic keratoderma [16] Pruritus Aquagenic [17] Thermal injury Pool feet [18] Ultraviolet radiation exposure Actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, drug-induced photosensitivity, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sunburn [15] Urticaria Aquagenic, cold-induced, contact [17,19,20] Swimmer's xerosis is a form of asteatotic dermatitis that presents with dryness, itching, and scaling of the skin, including the feet. Symptoms are more pronounced in the cooler winter months, and the dryness is exacerbated when the swimming is followed by a prolonged, hot shower.…”

“…This may result from either a decreased skin barrier function from dermatitis or an increase in sweat salt concentration from cystic fibrosis, drugs, or hyperhidrosis. In addition, aquaporins (which are also referred to as water channels since they function to facilitate water transport between cells by forming pores in the cell membranes) and palmar or plantar skin vasculature malfunction resulting from nerve dysfunction have been hypothesized to potentially have a role in the etiology of aquagenic keratoderma [16,17].…”

“…The friction-induced injury resulted in early blister formation not only on the plantar surface of her toes but also on the areas of her soles--including her heels--that came in contact with the rough swimming pool surface. In addition to discussing the characteristics of pool toes, the features of other pool-associated pedal dermatoses are reviewed [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”