Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review

Bekturganov, Zakir; Tussupova, Kamshat; Berndtsson, Ronny; Sharapatova, Nagima; Aryngazin, Kapar; Zhanasova, Maral

doi:10.3390/w8060219

Cited by 68 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…According to the latest reports from November 2017, Syr Darya River belongs to the second category (moderate pollution). Researchers also found the water of Syr Darya River unfit for agriculture in some places [19][20][21]. They concluded that it is mainly due to the fact that the discharges of waters from densely populated areas of the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), and from the lower reaches of the Naryn River to the Kairakkum Dam, directly fall into it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the Key Information and Land Management Plans for Water Conservation under Dry Weather Conditions in the Border Areas of the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan

Yegemova

Kumar

Abuduwaili

et al. 2018

Water

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Due to an increase in poorly planned anthropogenic activities, the water quality of several Asian big rivers is highly being affected. Although the assessment of heavy metal contents is vital to develop and design sustainable water management plans, several areas in Central Asia such as Kazakhstan do not have recent studies available that evaluate this situation. One representative example of this lack of information is the Syr Darya River. Thus, this study carried out the first approach to a water quality assessment in Kazakhstan’s Syr Darya River, where a massive expansion of irrigation canals, pastures in middle- and lower-reaches and an increase in industrialization and population have lowered its potential water capacity. To achieve this goal, various physicochemical parameters were analyzed for forty-three water samples along the river under dry weather conditions at 25 cm water depth. The obtained results were analyzed using standard methods (e.g., Multi N/C 2100 S analyzer or an atomic absorption spectrometer) and evaluated by multivariate techniques (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NDMS)) and a heavy metal pollution index (HPI). In the CA, five cluster groups were obtained. It is important to remark that the first cluster consists of the highest number of water sampling points (8). The last cluster is made up of only one point, which shows the highest difference against the other sites in our model. The NDMS also confirmed that some specific points along the river are different. Five components were extracted from the PCA: (1) COD (chemical oxygen demand), Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Mn; (2) Cu, Cd, Ni and Co; (3) T (water temperature), pH and DO (dissolved oxygen); (4) T and Fe; and (5) COD and OC (organic carbon). The HPI showed very high values (279.9), which were locally confirmed in some hotspots close to the Aral Sea, industrialized areas and agricultural fields. Therefore, our results demonstrate that, under dry weather conditions, surface water resources could be mismanaged in the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan in specific areas. For the future, considering the important role that agriculture and pasture play in the Kazakh economy, we insist upon the importance of applying water quality control measures applying nature-based solutions and efficient management plans. Moreover, we confirmed the necessity to conduct further research related to sampling under other weather situations such as wet and cold conditions, different river water depths and other locations considering specific land uses, for example, grazing, mining, railways or industries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying the Key Information and Land Management Plans for Water Conservation under Dry Weather Conditions in the Border Areas of the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan

Yegemova

Kumar

Abuduwaili

et al. 2018

Water

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“…The Soviet State tried to provide rural people with drinking water and build systems that needed low capital investment and small cost for process equipment but considerably high operational costs [18,19]. The majority of these water supply systems were constructed during the period 1950–1980.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Rural Kazakhstan

Tussupova

Hjorth

Berndtsson

2016

IJERPH

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Abstract:The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require nations to ensure adequate water supply for all. For Kazakhstan, this means that rural areas will need much stronger attention as they have been rather neglected in efforts to comply with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This study aims to establish a baseline data concerning the current situation in villages that will need interventions according to the SDGs. The study was performed by means of questionnaires. The results should be seen as initial guidelines that can help to illuminate some of the uncounted challenges in future efforts to meet the SDG targets. As hardly any information exists about sanitation in rural Kazakhstan, the study essentially focuses on water services. The results show that 65% of rural dwellers want to connect and pay for the piped water supply. At the same time, about 80% have toilets outside their home. Consequently, the water program aiming at providing 80% of rural people with access to tap water from a centralized piped system will not be possible. However, by carefully managing the existing water supply and sanitation system in joint collaboration with the local users, significant progress can be made. The present results show the important first steps that need to be taken in this direction.

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“…About 70% of developmental problems in the region are caused by freshwater shortages (Severskiy 2004). The main reasons for this are increasing political tensions and worsening ecological and socioeconomic conditions (Bekturganov et al 2016). These facts appear somewhat surprising since the totally renewable water resources (surface and groundwater) of Kazakhstan have been estimated at 100-117 km 3 /year (FAO 2003, GWP 2009, MFA 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water in Kazakhstan, a key in Central Asian water management

Zhupankhan

Tussupova

Berndtsson

2018

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Central Asia is one of the regions with the highest probability of conflicts over water. Kazakhstan is the main Central Asian economic power and therefore it is important to understand how the country's water management policy is influencing water availability in the other Central Asian states. Already, the Central Asian economies are developing under increasing water deficiency, resulting in developmental problems. The main reasons for this are increasing political tensions and worsening ecological and socioeconomic conditions. Kazakhstan was the first country in Central Asia to develop the prerequisites for a transition towards integrated water resources management (IWRM). Therefore, Kazakhstan has potential to lead the development of transboundary water integration between all Central Asian states. A scenario for successful regional cooperation on water management in Central Asia involves establishing legal mechanisms for water management following international water law, assistance by international agencies and donors, and integrated social, economic and environmental methodology.

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Water Related Health Problems in Central Asia—A Review

Cited by 68 publications

References 46 publications

Identifying the Key Information and Land Management Plans for Water Conservation under Dry Weather Conditions in the Border Areas of the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan

Identifying the Key Information and Land Management Plans for Water Conservation under Dry Weather Conditions in the Border Areas of the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan

Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation in Rural Kazakhstan

Water in Kazakhstan, a key in Central Asian water management

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