Water-related Phenomena in Winter Buds and Twigs of Picea abies L. (Karst.) until Bud-burst: A Biological, Histological and NMR Study

Abstract

This paper investigates the uptake, transport, state and self-diusion of water in twigs and buds of Picea abies L. (Karst.) trees in winter until reactivation in spring. The presence or absence of xylem in embryonic shoots, as well as the intensity and type of bud dormancy were also studied. Three clones of P. abies were grown in a forest in northeastern France. The clones diered in their timing of bud-burst, with the two clones from the Vosges showing dierent degrees of early bud-burst and the clone from Poland showing late bud-burst. One-bud cuttings grown in standard forcing conditions showed a great dierence in dormancy between the two provenances, but only a small dierence between the two Vosges clones. Earliness of bud-burst was not strongly linked to the intensity of dormancy. A dye experiment combined with light microscopy indicated increased velocity of water transport in stems up to a maximum in April, initial entry of water into embryonic shoots, protoxylem dierentiation in embryonic shoots from April, and then, shortly before bud-burst, water transport through the newly-formed protoxylem almost up to the meristem. Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the transverse relaxation time (T 2 ) and the self-diusion coecient of water con®rmed these observations and showed water availability in embryonic shoots. The sequence of water-related phenomena occurring in early spring was the same in the three clones, but was earliest in the Vosges clone with the earliest bud-burst and latest in the Polish clone with late bud-burst. The results imply that this sequence of water-related phenomena leads to bud-burst.# 2000 Annals of Botany Company

Reduced height of short day induced bud scale complex may partly explain early bud burst in Norway spruce seedlings

“…During bud development, the vascular tissue is differentiating and allows water to move to the elongating primordial shoots (the development phases from 1 to 3-4) (de Faÿ et al 2000;Luoranen et al 2010;Sutinen et al 2012). The development phases from 2 onwards are frost sensitive (Luoranen et al 2010).…”

Study of the Consequences of Global Warming in Water Dynamics During Dormancy Phase in Temperate Zone Fruit Crops

“…Peach cultivars with lower chilling requirement increased both T2 and PD after release of dormancy, which occurred earlier compared to high-chill cultivars (Yooyongwech et al, 2008b). Water transport in twigs of Picea was firstly slow during winter season and then increased relatively fast in early spring (de Fay et al, 2000).…”

“…seedlings were detected by acoustic emission coupled with magnetic resonance microscopy, respectively. NMR and MRI has been used to provide details during cold acclimatization and/or dormancy stage control in organs and tissues of several species, such as in dogwoods (Burke et al, 1974), Norway spruces (de Fay et al, 2000), tulip bulbs (Kamenetsky et al, 2003;Van der Toorn et al, 2000b), hybrid poplars (Kalcsits et al, 2009), blueberries (Parmentier et al, 1998;Rowland et al, 1992), grapes (Fennell & Line, 2001;Gardea et al, 1994), peaches (Erez et al, 1998;Sugiura et al, 1995;Yooyongwech et al, 2008b), Japanese pears (Yamamoto et al, 2010a), apples Liu et al, 1993;Millard et al, 1993;Snaar & Van As, 1992), among others.…”

“…In addition to these two parameters, apparent coefficient of self-diffusion (ADC) behavior of molecules can also contribute to the image contrast (Chen et al, 1978), by providing information on water diffusion at the cellular or tissue level (de Fay et al, 2000). Proton density (PD) predominantly represents water molecular mobility at cellular level and water membrane permeability (Van der Toorn et al, 2000).…”

Effects of soil warming and nitrogen foliar applications on bud burst of black spruce

“…Thus, at high latitudes the time of soil thaw, and consequently the availability of water in liquid form for roots, plays a key role in the resumption of vegetative growth (de Fay et al, 2000;Rossi et al, 2011). The increase in soil temperature in spring, which has been observed to cause earlier root activity (Lupi et al, 2012b), also anticipates water uptake and the onset of trunk sap flow (Repo et al, 2008).…”