Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future

Angelakιs, Andreas N.; Asano, Takashi; Bahri, Aki√ßa; Jiménez, Blanca; Tchobanoglous, George

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2018.00026

Cited by 175 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…As the most frequent indicated nutrients in regulations and guidelines, Zinc, Boron, and total Nitrogen ranges in regulations and guidelines were in severe restriction range of FAO's guideline. Turbidity, TSS, and BOD were mostly used by U.S. states as water quality indicators in the regulations and guidelines (17,19, and 19 documents, respectively). Secondary treatment and tertiary treatment are the most frequent treatment processes required by different regulations and guidelines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Regulations and Guidelines for Agricultural Water Reuse: A Critical Review

Shoushtarian

Negahban-Azar

2020

Water

163

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Water reuse is gaining momentum as a beneficial practice to address the water crisis, especially in the agricultural sector as the largest water consumer worldwide. With recent advancements in wastewater treatment technologies, it is possible to produce almost any water quality. However, the main human and environmental concerns are still to determine what constituents must be removed and to what extent. The main objectives of this study were to compile, evaluate, and compare the current agricultural water reuse regulations and guidelines worldwide, and identify the gaps. In total, 70 regulations and guidelines, including Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), the United States (state by state), European Commission, Canada (all provinces), Australia, Mexico, Iran, Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Palestine, Oman, China, Kuwait, Israel, Saudi Arabia, France, Cyprus, Spain, Greece, Portugal, and Italy were investigated in this study. These regulations and guidelines were examined to compile a comprehensive database, including all of the water quality monitoring parameters, and necessary treatment processes. In summary, results showed that the regulations and guidelines are mainly human-health centered, insufficient regarding some of the potentially dangerous pollutants such as emerging constituents, and with large discrepancies when compared with each other. In addition, some of the important water quality parameters such as some of the pathogens, heavy metals, and salinity are only included in a small group of regulations and guidelines investigated in this study. Finally, specific treatment processes have been only mentioned in some of the regulations and guidelines, and with high levels of discrepancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Regulations and Guidelines for Agricultural Water Reuse: A Critical Review

Shoushtarian

Negahban-Azar

2020

Water

163

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“…Sewage farming system which involves the systematic multi-levels removal of different types of contaminant from sewage effluents and wastewater (based on the size, texture, and nature of the contaminants), before the wastewater being used primarily for farming and other agricultural purposes, was developed. The sewage farming approach was introduced around the 16thcentury, first in Bunzlau (Germany) in 1531 and later in Edinburgh (Scotland) in 1650 Angelakis et al, 2018). This approach was seen as the most suitable solution for achieving a cheap disposal and controlled management of the enormous volumes of wastewater and sewage discharges.…”

Section: Learning From the Past: Historical Perspective To Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Water Scarcity Mitigation and Environmental Pollution Control in Sub-Saharan Africa

Alawode

Ogedengbe

Afolayan

et al. 2019

EMSD

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This paper discusses wastewater and proven techniques for wastewater remediation and reuses from the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) perspective. Water scarcity and polluted water sources contribute to the death of a large population of people daily; most of whom are living in SSA. The vast availability of non-recycled wastewater and poor waste management infrastructures in SSA is the major contributing factor to environmental degradation and water pollution. In this paper, the challenges confronting wastewater treatment and reuse towards improving water resource management in SSA are discussed. One major issue identified in this work is the socio-cultural perception of people in SSA to the emerging trend of wastewater reuse for water resource conservation and management. One recognized approach by which wastewater reuse can be encouraged in SSA is by validating the quality of the reclaimed water through public sensitization. Another method is by introducing incentives that will motivate public acceptability of recycled water from wastewater treatment.

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“…The wastewater is then transported throughout the Valley for use in agricultural irrigation via a system of aboveground, uncovered canals ( Figure 1 ). This reuse system has operated since 1896 and currently irrigates

square miles of cropland, making it the largest and one of the oldest such systems in the world ( Angelakis et al. 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Spatial Risk of Diarrheal Disease Associated with Household Proximity to Untreated Wastewater Used for Irrigation in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico

Contreras

Trangucci

Félix-Arellano

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Reusing wastewater for irrigation is a longstanding practice that enhances crop yields and improves climate resilience. Without treatment, however, wastewater contains harmful pathogens and chemicals. Reuse of untreated wastewater has been shown to be harmful to the health of nearby communities, but the routes of exposure are unknown and do not appear to be occupational. Some routes occur throughout entire communities, such as food contamination. Other routes may be spatially dependent, such as spread by domestic animals or through aerosolization. Objectives: To examine whether those wastewater exposure routes with a spatial dependency affect health, we estimated the risks of diarrheal disease in children under age 5 associated with living near wastewater canals, while adjusting for potential individual- and household-level confounders. Methods: We conducted three surveys over 1 y in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, to measure diarrhea in children. The distance between each participating household and a wastewater canal was measured using GPS coordinates. The association between proximity and diarrhea was estimated with a multilevel logistic regression model accounting for spatial autocorrelation. Results: A total of 564 households completed one to three surveys, resulting in 1,856 survey observations of 646 children. Children living from a canal had 45% lower odds of diarrhea than those living within of a canal, and children living away had 70% lower odds of diarrhea [ vs. adjusted odds ratio , 95% credible interval (CI): 0.33, 0.91; vs. adjusted , 95% CI: 0.11, 0.82]. Discussion: The estimated decline in diarrheal prevalence with household distance from a canal persisted after controlling for occupational exposure. Identifying the specific routes of exposure that drive this relationship will help identify which interventions, such as upstream treatment, can reduce health risks for entire communities where wastewater exposure occurs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6443

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Water Reuse: From Ancient to Modern Times and the Future

Cited by 175 publications

References 28 publications

Worldwide Regulations and Guidelines for Agricultural Water Reuse: A Critical Review

Worldwide Regulations and Guidelines for Agricultural Water Reuse: A Critical Review

Prospects of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Water Scarcity Mitigation and Environmental Pollution Control in Sub-Saharan Africa

Modeling Spatial Risk of Diarrheal Disease Associated with Household Proximity to Untreated Wastewater Used for Irrigation in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico

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