Water, Sanitation, and Health in Sub‑Saharan Africa: A Cross-national Analysis of Maternal and Neo-natal Mortality

Sommer, Jamie; Shandra, John M.; Restivo, Michael; Coburn, Carolyn

doi:10.22459/her.22.01.2015.08

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Sahu et al (2015) opined, after analysing three rounds of national family health survey data of India, that better access to improved sanitation system will lead to the decline in infant mortality by 16 per cent. Sommer, Shandra, Restivo, and Coburn (2015) opined, after analysing 32 sub-Saharan countries, that with improved sanitation, IMR will decline. Baker et al (2016) opined that improved sanitation reduces the diarrheal risk to infants by 36 per cent and thereby decreases the IMR.…”

Section: An Exhaustive Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Banerjee

Sar

Pandey

2020

Journal of Health Management

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Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important development indicator and a vital component of millennium development goals (MDGs) set by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). According to UNDP, so far India has only fared moderately in reducing IMR (Goal 4 of MDGs). India (32) ranks 144th among 196 countries regarding IMR as per the 2017 data availed from World Development Indicators. Its adjacent countries such as Bhutan (25.6), Bangladesh (26.9) and Nepal (27.8) have fared much better regarding infant survival. Numbers within the parentheses indicate the IMR of the respective country. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has identified that IMR among families with better access to improved drinking water sources and toilet is much lower than those bereft of the same. This inference has been drawn from National Family Health Survey 3 data (NFHS III). The present study investigates into the aforementioned relation analysing NFHS IV data. The result depicts that contrary to UNICEF’s findings, IMR increases with better accessibility to improved water sources. Further to this, the article shows that an additional aqua-related practice together with improved drinking water sources might lead to the betterment of IMR for India.

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Section: An Exhaustive Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Banerjee

Sar

Pandey

2020

Journal of Health Management

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“…For example, structural adjustment programs are associated with increases in maternal and infant mortality (Coburn et al, 2015b;Pandolfelli et al, 2014;C. L. Shandra et al, 2011;Sommer et al, 2015), themselves indicators of inadequate access to healthcare (Nolte et al, 2000).…”

Section: Box 2 the Gendered Consequences Of Structural Adjustmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural adjustment and health: A conceptual framework and evidence on pathways

Kentikelenis

2017

Social Science & Medicine

110

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Economic reform programs designed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank-so-called 'structural adjustment programs'-have formed one of the most influential policy agendas of the past four decades. To gain access to financial support from these organizations, countries-often in economic crisis-have reduced public spending, limited the role of the state, and deregulated economic activity. This article identifies the multiple components of structural adjustment, and presents a conceptual framework linking them to health systems and outcomes. Based on a comprehensive review of the academic literature, the article identifies three main pathways through which structural adjustment affects health: policies directly targeting health systems; policies indirectly impacting health systems; and policies affecting the social determinants of health. The cogency of the framework is illustrated by revisiting Greece's recent experience with structural adjustment, drawing on original IMF reports and secondary literature. Overall, the framework offers a lens through which to analyze the health consequences of structural adjustment across time, space and levels of socioeconomic development, and can be utilized in ex ante health impact assessments of these policies.

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“…This is because countries that receive medical assistance from foreign professionals are most likely to record higher cost per head than countries that do not require such, due to disparity of salaries and similar other factors between donor and recipient countries. This finding reveals that intervention in more downstream factors such as investing in communities to improve their conditions of life may reduce burden of incurring higher costs of intervening in times of outbreaks, but with limited success [15, 28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priority setting towards achieving under-five mortality target in Africa in context of sustainable development goals: an ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis

Acheampong

Ejiofor

Salinas-Miranda

et al. 2019

glob health res policy

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Background Africa reduced its under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) by more than 50% during the MDGs era. However, it still has by far the highest average U5MR in the world – 81 deaths compared to a global average of 43 deaths per 1000 births, with eight of the ten countries in the world with the highest child mortality rates. The primary objective of our study was to examine the socioeconomic, healthcare, and environmental determinants that most account for U5MR disparities between African countries. Methods We used a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to assess the effects of 14 distinct socioeconomic, environmental and healthcare variables that account for the high U5MR differentials that persist between African countries. We conducted our analysis on 43 countries for which data were available. Using a dummy variable, we also emphasized factors that may be accounting for the disparity between the eight worst-performing countries and the remainder of the continent. Results Among all the determinants analyzed in our study, the results reveal that the factors that most account for the inequities observed are, in order, expenditure on healthcare ( p < 0.01), total fertility rate ( p < 0.01), income per capita ( p < 0.05), and access to clean water ( p < 0.1). Conclusions Our results show that the gap between the best and worst performing countries in Africa can be significantly narrowed if government and donor interventions will target downstream factors such as improving education for mothers and sensitising them about birth control since fertility rate differences play a critical role. Improving accessibility to clean water sources to reduce outbreaks of diarrhea diseases is also observed as a critical factor.

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Water, Sanitation, and Health in Sub‑Saharan Africa: A Cross-national Analysis of Maternal and Neo-natal Mortality

Cited by 16 publications

References 38 publications

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Improved yet Unsafe: An Aquatic Perspective of Indian Infant Mortality

Structural adjustment and health: A conceptual framework and evidence on pathways

Priority setting towards achieving under-five mortality target in Africa in context of sustainable development goals: an ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis

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