Water sanitation and hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa: Coverage, risks of diarrheal diseases, and urbanization

Zerbo, Alexandre; Delgado, Rafael Castro; González, Pedro Ignacio Arcos

doi:10.1016/j.jobb.2021.03.004

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…According to the report of Global Burden of Diseases(GBD) in 2019, in sub-Saharan Africa total Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) estimate due to diarrhea was 13.01% [ 3 , 4 ]. As poor access to sanitary materials is the main case of diarrheal diseases [ 5 ], In sub-saran Africa, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are very scanty [ 5 ] and the burden of diarrhea diseases is countless relative to the rest of the world. As claimed by the Global Burden of Diseases visual hub, total DALYS among under five years children in the Eastern sub-saran region contributed by diarrheal diseases was 10.21% [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pooled prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five years children in East Africa: A multilevel logistic regression analysis

Tareke¹,

Enyew

Takele³

2022

PLoS ONE

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Background Worldwide, diarrhea is the second most common cause of death and morbidity among under -five years’ children. In sub-saran Africa, access to water, sanitation, and hygiene are very scanty and the burden of diarrhea diseases is countless relative to the rest of the world. Prior studies conducted in East Africa vary in design, sample size, and other data collection tools. Through those studies, it is hard to make regional comparisons. Combining datasets that are studied on similar people and having common variable identified enhances statistical power due to the large sample size, advance the ability to compare outcomes, and create the opportunity to develop new indicators. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under five years’ children using the most recent national representative Demographic and Health Surveys from 12 East African countries. The information generated from this pooled datasets will give good insight into the sub-regional prevalence of diarrhea. Methods This study utilized secondary data from 12 East African countries’ most recent demographic health survey. Variables were extracted and appended together to assess the pooled prevalence of diarrhea and associated factors. A total of 90,263 under-five years of age children were encompassed in this study. STATA version was used to cross-tabulate and fit the models. To account for the hierarchical nature of the demographic health survey, multilevel logistic regression was calibrated. BIC, AIC, deviance, and LLR were used as Model comparison parameters. Variables with a p-value of <0.2 were considered for multivariable analysis. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and p-value <0.05 were used to declare statistical significances of factors. Results The pooled prevalence of diarrhea in under five years children was 14.28% [95%CI; 14.06%, 14.51%]. Being child whose mother age is 15–24 years [AOR = 1.41, 95% CI; 1.33, 1.49], 25–34 years[AOR = 1.17, 95%CI; 1.10, 1.23], being 7–12 months child [AOR = 3.10, 95%CI; 2.86, 3.35], being 12–24 months child [AOR = 2.56, 95%CI; 2.38, 3.75], being 25–59 months child [AOR = 0.88, 95%CI; 0.82, 0.95], being child from poor household [AOR = 1.16, 95%CI; 1.09, 1.23], delayed breast feeding initiation (initiated after an hour of birth) [AOR = 1.15, 95%CI; 1.10, 1.20], and being a child from community with low educational status [AOR = 1.10, 95%CI; 1.03, 1.18] were factors associated with diarrheal diseases. Conclusion The pooled prevalence of diarrhea among under five years of children in East African countries is high. Maternal age, child’s age, wealth status of the household, the timing of breast feeding initiation, sex of the child, community level of educational status, working status of the mother, and the number of under five children were factors that were associated with diarrheal diseases. Scaling up of maternal and child health services by government and other concerned bodies should consider those economically marginalized communities. Additionally, awareness should be created for those uneducated mothers concerning the nature of childhood diarrhea.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pooled prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five years children in East Africa: A multilevel logistic regression analysis

Tareke¹,

Enyew

Takele³

2022

PLoS ONE

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“…Several studies have recognized the importance of safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services for healthy living and socio-economic development (Hutton and Chase, 2016;WHO, 2017;Roche et al, 2017;Ohwo and Omidiji, 2021;Zerbo et al, 2021). Hence, Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6) focuses on ensuring that everyone has access to water and sanitation by 2030; with target 6.1 devoted to achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all; while target 6.2 is "to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations" (WHO and UNICEF, 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

Progress on Sustainable Development Goal for Sanitation and Hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa

Owho¹,

Ndakara²

2022

jasem

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The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.2 focuses on ensuring that everyone has access to adequate sanitation and hygiene services by 2030. This study harvested data from the 2021 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report of the SDG target 6.2 to assess the progress on sanitation and hygiene in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. The sanitation and hygiene data for countries in SSA were extracted and analyzed to determine the progress towards the attainment of the SDG target 6.2. The analyses revealed that the rate of annual progress for at least basic sanitation (0.50%) and basic hygiene services (0.22%) in SSA from 2015 to 2020 was very low. However, the t-test results showed that there were significant differences in the proportion of the population using at least basic sanitation (t47 = -7.910, p = .000, α = 0.05), open defecation (t47 = 6.517, p = .000, α = 0.05) and basic hygiene (t36 = -3.830, p = .000, α = 0.05) services from 2015 to 2020. In spite of the t-test results, the projected coverage for basic sanitation and basic hygiene services by 2030 were 38% and 28.2%, respectively, which showed that SSA might miss the SDG target 6.2, if urgent measures are not taken to address the situation. It is therefore recommended that a detailed audit of the sector should be carried out in each country to identify areas that need urgent interventions and scale up of activities.

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“…The difference may be attributed to the number of countries included in the analysis. The situation is most critical in Chad and Ethiopia, where about half of the households use unimproved or surface water sources (Zerbo et al, 2021). Unlike SSA, in South and Southeast Asian countries, more than 90 percent of households had access to basic drinking water facilities, which increased from 73 percent since 1990, however still 134 million people do not have access to improved water facilities, and it is estimated that almost 68 to 84 percent of water sources are contaminated (Unicef, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WASH facilities prevalence and determinants: Evidence from 42 developing countries

Rahut

Singh²,

Sonobe

2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Improved WASH facilities are crucial for reducing infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, malaria, dengue, and worms, etc. However, a large proportion of households in developing countries lack basic WASH facilities. Therefore, the current paper uses the household data from 733,223 households in fourty two developing countries to explore the prevalence rate of basic WASH facilities. The result shows that access to basic drinking water is much better than access to other WASH facilities, such as basic sanitation and hygiene facilities. However, the prevalence of basic drinking water, basic sanitation, and basic hygiene vary across different regions and countries-low in Africa and South Asia. The multi-level regression model shows that households with better economic status and education and urban households are more likely to use basic WASH facilities. Further, women empowerment and already having one WASH practice are also positively associated with the adoption of other WASH facilities. The policy should aim at improving awareness about the benefit of WASH facilities through education, and it should also subsidize WASH facilities for poor households and those living in rural areas.

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Water sanitation and hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa: Coverage, risks of diarrheal diseases, and urbanization

Cited by 36 publications

References 12 publications

Pooled prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five years children in East Africa: A multilevel logistic regression analysis

Pooled prevalence and associated factors of diarrhea among under-five years children in East Africa: A multilevel logistic regression analysis

Progress on Sustainable Development Goal for Sanitation and Hygiene in Sub-Saharan Africa

WASH facilities prevalence and determinants: Evidence from 42 developing countries

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