Water, sanitation and hygiene: measuring gender equality and empowerment

Kayser, Georgia; Rao, Namratha; Jose, Rupa; Raj, Anita

doi:10.2471/blt.18.223305

Cited by 81 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Another possible explanation for this could be that often time women might not have a say over the latrine design, placement, or maintenance and thus they avoid it altogether. It has PLOS ONE been previously reported that most women in the developing world do not have a voice equal to their partners regarding sanitation; even though they are often the principal implementers of sanitation in the household [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring barriers to the adoption and utilization of improved latrine facilities in rural Ethiopia: An Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) approach

Tamene¹,

Afework

2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Even though evidence shows that access to and use of improved latrines is related to healthful families and the public, obstacles to the adoption and use of improved latrine facilities remain. Globally, not many inquiries appear to have been carried out to satisfactorily inform us regarding the multi-level barriers influencing the adoption and utilization of improved latrines facilities. Related studies in Ethiopia are even fewer. Methods Two qualitative data gathering methods, viz., key informant interviews and focus group discussions, were employed to collect data for this study. A total of fifteen focus group discussions were conducted with members of the community in the rural Wonago district of Ethiopia. Similarly, ten key informant interviews were conducted with water, sanitation, and hygiene officers, and health extension workers responsible for coordinating sanitation and hygiene activities. Open code software 4.03 was used for thematic analysis. Result Barriers to adoption and use of improved latrine facilities were categorized into Contextual factors (e.g. Gender, educational status, personal preference for using the field, limited space, population density, the status of land ownership), Psychosocial factors (Culture, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of minimal health threat from children's feces), and Technological factors (inconveniences in acquiring materials and cost of constructing a latrine). Conclusion There are a series of multi-leveled barriers to the sustained adoption and use of latrines. Providing funding opportunities for the underprivileged and offering training on the engineering skills of latrine construction at the community level based on the contextual soil circumstances could expand the latrine coverage and use. Similarly, taking into account the variability in motivations for adopting and using latrines among our study in Ethiopia and other studies, we implore public health experts to recognize behaviors and norms in their target communities in advance of implementing sanitation interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring barriers to the adoption and utilization of improved latrine facilities in rural Ethiopia: An Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) approach

Tamene¹,

Afework

2021

PLoS ONE

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“…The conceptual framework shown in Figure 3 provides an overview of the underlying complex and multifactorial causes and consequences of maternal undernutrition. This conceptual framework has been adapted based on the current understanding of the causes of child malnutrition [9-14]. Distal causes of malnutrition include social, economic, and political context and lack of capital (financial, human, physical, social, and natural).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Undernutrition before and during Pregnancy and Offspring Health and Development

Young

Ramakrishnan

2020

Ann Nutr Metab

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Maternal undernutrition remains a critical public health problem. There are large regional and within-country disparities in the burden of underweight, anemia, and micronutrient deficiencies across the globe. Driving these disparities are complex and multifactorial causes, including access to health services, water and sanitation, women’s status, and food insecurity as well as the underlying social, economic, and political context. Women’s health, nutrition, and wellbeing across the continuum of preconception to pregnancy are critical for ensuring positive pregnancy and long-term outcomes for both the mother and child. In this review, we summarize the evidence base for nutrition interventions before and during pregnancy that will help guide programs targeted towards women’s nutrition. Growing evidence from preconception nutrition trials demonstrates an impact on offspring size at birth. Preconception anemia and low preconception weight are associated with an increased risk of low birth weight and small for gestational age births. During pregnancy, several evidence-based strategies exist, including balanced-energy protein supplements, multiple micronutrient supplements, and small-quantity lipid nutrient supplements for improving birth outcomes. There, however, remain several important priority areas and research gaps for improving women’s nutrition before and during pregnancy. Further progress is needed to prioritize preconception nutrition and access to health and family planning resources. Additional research is required to understand the long-term effects of preconception and pregnancy interventions particularly on offspring development. Furthermore, while there is a strong evidence base for maternal nutrition interventions, the next frontier requires a greater focus on implementation science and equity to decrease global maternal undernutrition disparities.

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“…Fingerprint scanners are often repeatedly touched by multiple users, thereby raising serious issues of hygiene as their use exposes the risk of contracting and transmitting harmful diseases [19,128] due to direct finger vs scanner contact while extracting the biometric image [10]. These devices are increasingly hazardous, particularly when used in health, medical, or diagnostic facilities where aerosolized droplets and body secretions of sick patients can be easily deposited on them; thus, they may play an important role in the transmission of hospital-acquired infections [4].…”

Section: Conclusion Principal Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fingerprint Biometric System Hygiene and the Risk of COVID-19 Transmission

Okereafor¹,

Ekong²,

Markson³

et al. 2020

JMIR Biomed Eng

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Biometric systems use scanners to verify the identity of human beings by measuring the patterns of their behavioral or physiological characteristics. Some biometric systems are contactless and do not require direct touch to perform these measurements; others, such as fingerprint verification systems, require the user to make direct physical contact with the scanner for a specified duration for the biometric pattern of the user to be properly read and measured. This may increase the possibility of contamination with harmful microbial pathogens or of cross-contamination of food and water by subsequent users. Physical contact also increases the likelihood of inoculation of harmful microbial pathogens into the respiratory tract, thereby triggering infectious diseases. In this viewpoint, we establish the likelihood of infectious disease transmission through touch-based fingerprint biometric devices and discuss control measures to curb the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19.

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Water, sanitation and hygiene: measuring gender equality and empowerment

Cited by 81 publications

References 9 publications

Exploring barriers to the adoption and utilization of improved latrine facilities in rural Ethiopia: An Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) approach

Exploring barriers to the adoption and utilization of improved latrine facilities in rural Ethiopia: An Integrated Behavioral Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) approach

Maternal Undernutrition before and during Pregnancy and Offspring Health and Development

Fingerprint Biometric System Hygiene and the Risk of COVID-19 Transmission

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