Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors on the Prevalence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in the Rural Community of Dangila District, Northwest Ethiopia

Hailu, Bizuayehu; Ji-Guo, Wu; Hailu, Tadesse

doi:10.1155/2021/2688500

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This study revealed that improved sanitation was associated with a 16% reduction in the risk of diarrhea occurrence among under-five children after matching control and treated children. This finding is in agreement with other studies conducted elsewhere [ 17 , 18 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 40 ]. A systematic and meta-analysis conducted by Wolf J et al found that improved sanitation interventions can reduce the occurrence of diarrheal diseases by 24% among children in LMICs [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis

et al. 2023

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Background Diarrhea, the second leading cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide, is responsible for more than 90% of deaths in children under 5 years of age in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The high burden of diarrhea is mainly attributable to the limited access to improved water and sanitation. However, the impacts of improved sanitation and drinking water in preventing diarrheal diseases are not well understood. Therefore, this study estimated both the independent and joint effects of improved sanitation and water on diarrhea occurrence among rural under-five children in LMICs. Methods The current study utilized secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets conducted between 2016 and 2021 in 27 LMICs. A total weighted sample of 330,866 under-five children was included in the study. We employed propensity score matching analysis (PSMA) to examine the effects of accessing improved water and sanitation on childhood diarrheal disease reduction. Results The prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years of age in rural LMICs was 11.02% (95% CI; 10.91%, 11.31%). The probability of developing diarrhea among under-five children from households with improved sanitation and water was 16.6% (Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) = − 0.166) and 7.4% (ATT = − 0.074) times less likely among those from households with unimproved sanitation and water, respectively. Access to improved water and sanitation is significantly associated with a 24.5% (ATT = − 0.245) reduction of diarrheal disease among under-five children. Conclusions Improved sanitation and drinking water source reduced the risk of diarrhea among under-five children in LMIC. The effects of both interventions (improved water and sanitation) had a larger impact on the reduction of diarrheal disease than the improvements to water or sanitation alone. Therefore, achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) is key to reducing diarrhea among rural under-five children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis

et al. 2023

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“…Additionally, our ndings indicated that children living in households utilizing unsafe sources of drinking water faced a higher likelihood of mortality than those in households with improved water sources. This aligns with previous studies in Ethiopia(Hailu et al, 2021;Mebrahtom et al, 2022). One plausible explanation is the protective role of safe water in preventing water-borne diseases, including diarrheal infections, acute respiratory infections, and neglected tropical diseases, all of which contribute to childhood mortality.…”

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confidence: 90%

Trends in Maternal Education-based Inequalities in Under-five Mortality in Ethiopia: Multilevel, Decomposition and Concentration Index Analyses

Tessema,

Geda

2024

Preprint

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Introduction: In 2021, a staggering five million children globally succumbed to mortality before celebrating their fifth birthdays. Alarmingly, children residing in Sub-Saharan African nations faced mortality risks 15 and 19 times higher than their counterparts in Europe and Northern America, as well as the region encompassing Australia and New Zealand, respectively. Ethiopia, situated in Sub-Saharan Africa, shoulders a significant burden of under-five mortality, securing the third position in Africa and the tenth globally. The primary objective of this study was to scrutinize the trends in under-five mortality inequalities based on maternal education in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016. Method: The analysis utilized data from repeated cross-sectional surveys, drawing upon a pooled total sample of 35,404 children aged 0-59 months. This sample was derived from the Ethiopian Demography and Health Surveys conducted in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016. To explore the determinants of under-five mortality among this age group, we employed multilevel binary logistic regression analysis. This approach allowed us to assess the impact of various factors at the individual, household, and community levels. Additionally, we conducted multivariate decomposition, concentration index, and decomposition rate analyses to scrutinize the evolving trends in maternal education-based disparities in under-five mortality. Result: Maternal education emerged as a significant factor influencing under-five mortality in Ethiopia. Notably, approximately one-third (31%) of the observed inequalities in under-five mortality based on maternal education could be accounted for by the effects of observed characteristics. Over the years, there has been a noteworthy reduction in absolute inequalities in under-five mortality. Specifically, a decline of 0.14 was observed between 2000 and 2005, and a more substantial decrease of 0.32 occurred in the period spanning 2000 to 2016, resulting in an overall change of 56.25%. Furthermore, this study revealed that about 43.12% of the reduction in under-five mortality could be attributed to the narrowed gap in maternal education during the survey period. Conclusion: The implications drawn from these findings underscore the importance of directing interventions aimed at reducing early mortality toward the promotion of maternal education. It is evident that addressing maternal education plays a pivotal role in mitigating inequalities in under-five mortality. Additionally, there is a pressing need to revisit and enhance existing population and health policies. Establishing stronger linkages between child survival issues and the education sector is crucial for achieving the targets outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals related to under-five mortality. By aligning policies with these insights, there is a greater likelihood of fostering sustainable improvements in child health outcomes and advancing towards the overarching goal of reducing under-five mortality.

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“…However, most of the findings used for comparison in this study are results based on short-term studies, which cannot estimate the actual annual prevalence of diarrhea over time ( 25 ). Another possible explanation could be a difference in socioeconomic status, sample size, the accessibility of drinking water, and sanitation facilities ( 26 ). This indicates that more attention should be given to the provision of safe water and access to sanitation facilities in this area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of drinking water and environmental sanitation with diarrhea among under-five children: Evidence from Kersa demographic and health surveillance site, eastern Ethiopia

Mulatu

Ayana

Girma

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundDiarrhea remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity, despite the global progression of eradicating the burden of diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality in the past two decades. In Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, there is inadequate supply and sanitation of safe water. However, there is a lack of literature that estimates the impact of drinking water and sanitation service on childhood diarrhea in Kersa Demographic and Health Surveillance. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence and effect of water supply and environmental sanitation on diarrhea among under-five children from 2017 to 2021 in Kersa Demographic and Health Surveillance, Eastern Ethiopia.MethodA prospective cohort study design was implemented among 6,261 children from the Kersa Health Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), Eastern Ethiopia, from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2021. STATA statistical software was used to extract data from the datasets. The binary logistic regression was used to identify the impact of water supply and environmental sanitation on diarrhea by controlling important confounders. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval measures this association.ResultThe current study showed that among 6,261 under-five children, 41.75% of them had developed active diarrhea during the follow-up time. The final model depicted that having media exposure of 22% [AOR - 0.78 CI: (0.61, 0.98)], a protected tube well source of drinking water of 50% [AOR - 1.50, CI: (1.32, 1.71)], unprotected tube well source of drinking water of 66% [AOR - 1.66 CI: (1.27, 2.18)], having toilet facility of 13% [AOR - 0.87 CI: (0.78, 0.97)], and accessibility of source of water [AOR - 1.17 CI: (1.05, 1.30)] showed a significant association with diarrhea among under-five children.ConclusionThe prevalence of diarrhea is found to be high in the Kersa District. The main predictors of diarrhea under five were a lack of latrines, an unimproved source of drinking water, and a distance from access to drinking water. The study setting should focus on increasing the adequacy of safe drinking water and sanitation.

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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors on the Prevalence of Diarrhea among Under-Five Children in the Rural Community of Dangila District, Northwest Ethiopia

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis

Impact of access to improved water and sanitation on diarrhea reduction among rural under-five children in low and middle-income countries: a propensity score matched analysis

Trends in Maternal Education-based Inequalities in Under-five Mortality in Ethiopia: Multilevel, Decomposition and Concentration Index Analyses

Association of drinking water and environmental sanitation with diarrhea among under-five children: Evidence from Kersa demographic and health surveillance site, eastern Ethiopia

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