Water savings from urban infrastructure improvement and wastewater reuse: evidence from Jordan

Jeuland, Marc; Moffa, Michelle; Alfarra, Amani

doi:10.1080/07900627.2020.1860915

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…shown in other work [Morgan et al, 2021]. Finally, it may be reasonable to infer, based on the water balance analysis [Jeuland et al, 2021a] and the fact that land values in these areas remained stable, that the investment increased the value of farm output relative to a no-Compact counterfactual with increasing water scarcity, in which agricultural activity would not have been similarly sustained.…”

Section: Impacts On Farmers In the Jordan Valleymentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This water balance analysis allows us to track systems-level changes in water supply to various users -irrigators in the Jordan Valley, urban consumers in Zarqa, and urban consumers elsewhere in Jordan, owing to the primary substitution mechanism, that serve to further contextualize and validate our IE estimates and the program theory of change. More details on the structure and assumptions of the water balance analysis can be found in Jeuland et al [2021a].…”

Section: Econometric and Modeling Analysis Of Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact evaluation of water infrastructure investments: Methods, challenges and demonstration from a large-scale urban improvement in Jordan

Jeuland

Orgill‐Meyer

Morgan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Impact evaluation (IE) of large infrastructure presents numerous challenges, and investments in urban piped water and sanitation are no exception. Here we present methods for more systematic assessment of the implications of such interventions, discussing tradeoffs between validity, relevance and practicality that arise from alternative approaches. Then, to more clearly illustrate the many issues that typically arise in such IEs, we draw on an example application in Zarqa, Jordan, where the Millennium Challenge Corporation invested about US$275 million to upgrade and extend piped water and sewer networks, as well as increase the capacity of the country's largest wastewater treatment plant. The theory of change for the intervention took a systems view of impacts: the project aimed to improve water supply to urban areas while maintaining flows to irrigators through enhanced wastewater reuse. The case adds valuable evidence on the impacts of large infrastructure investments and illustrates well the challenges of capturing spillovers, mitigating study contamination, maintaining statistical power, and determining overall welfare effects, in situations involving diverse market and nonmarket impacts. These limitations notwithstanding, the case highlights the high value of conducting IEs, and why applied researchers should not give up on pragmatic and interdisciplinary collaborations to evaluation in the face of complex interventions.

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Section: Impacts On Farmers In the Jordan Valleymentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Econometric and Modeling Analysis Of Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact evaluation of water infrastructure investments: Methods, challenges and demonstration from a large-scale urban improvement in Jordan

Jeuland

Orgill‐Meyer

Morgan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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show abstract

“…The full results of the water balance analysis are described elsewhere (Jeuland, Moffa, et al., 2021), but we comment here on the modeling results that directly link to the outcomes estimated in the empirical analysis. That analysis showed that approximately 4–7 mcm/year of water were saved due to the combined enhanced water supply and wastewater collection impacts of the WNP and WWNP, and that amount is expected to almost double (to 8–10 mcm/year) as water demand in the improved zones increases in the future.…”

Section: Evaluation Implementation and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More details on the structure and assumptions of the water balance analysis can be found in Jeuland, Moffa, et al. (2021).…”

Section: Design Application: the Millennium Challenge Corporation Jor...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Evaluation of Water Infrastructure Investments: Methods, Challenges and Demonstration From a Large‐Scale Urban Improvement in Jordan

Jeuland

Orgill‐Meyer

Morgan

et al. 2023

Water Resources Research

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As global population and consumption of water rise, concerns that humankind is entering a new age of global water scarcity are increasingly widespread (Liu et al., 2017). To some, this rising water scarcity is worrisome because water is uniquely essential for myriad purposes-drinking and critical domestic uses, as an input to food and industrial production, and for general human and ecological well-being (Hanemann, 2006). Some predict that water's essentialness will inevitably lead to a zero sum game and loss of livelihoods for specific users, widespread social destabilization, and environmental damage (Joy et al., 2020;Postel, 2000). Such warnings are perhaps most commonly heard in countries or regions where water scarcity is becoming a binding constraint, for example, the Middle East, Western United States, parts of Australia, and in river basins with intense water competition (e.g., the upstream Ganges, Nile, Mekong, or Tigris-Euphrates). Indeed, much of the globe already experiences acute economic water scarcity, due to a lack of high quality infrastructure and an inability of institutions to consistently provide the resource to end users (Rijsberman, 2006). However, both institutional and infrastructure solutions, when designed and operated effectively, can dramatically improve water management, and thereby ease tensions.At the same time, the effects of both water infrastructure and management interventions often vary, and need to be understood within their particular contexts. Learning which interventions work, and under what conditions, is vitally important, both for the very practical work of informing subsequent context-specific interventions, and for applying broader lessons about drivers and impediments of key mechanisms of change to other contexts. Still, the methods to learn about impacts and mechanisms in the water sector-particularly the science of impact evaluation (IE) as applied to water and sanitation projects-remain imperfect. In short, the fundamental challenge facing researchers working on such IEs is to isolate causal effects of infrastructure from the many other contemporaneous changes that affect water supply and sanitation services, water resources systems, and human welfare and well-being. In addition, as we discuss in this paper, the typical "gold standard" methodology for determining causal impacts, the randomized controlled trial (RCT) (

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“…Jordan is known as a water scarce country and has a widening gap between supply and demand for domestic use as well as use for agriculture and industry (Jeuland et al, 2021). In 2015 the World Resources Institute projected Jordan to be the 14th most water stressed country in the world in 2040.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes to Water Usage in Jordan

Bolton¹

2021

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The author undertakes a literature review of attitudes to water usage in Jordan. One survey was identified which assessed attitudes towards water conservation, sampling 2000 residents in three regions in Jordan (Irbid, Amman, and Zarqa) in 2017. According to the survey, only 61% of respondents believed there was a water shortage in Jordan. 23% believed the water shortage was due to population pressures. The survey focussed more on water conservation than water use. Most of the respondents felt the government were not doing enough on water shortage issues. They were not asked how they feel about the role of the government versus their individual responsibility. Older respondents perceived the shortages to be more critical. A lack of interest in participating in water saving activities was identified among the youth. Water quality was perceived as poor in the USAID survey and noted in other sources. The survey found that most residents had management strategies in place for the day that the water was delivered. Views about politics of regional cooperation and refugee pressure on water use potentially affect attitudes to water but this was not identified specifically within the scope of this report.

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Water savings from urban infrastructure improvement and wastewater reuse: evidence from Jordan

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Impact evaluation of water infrastructure investments: Methods, challenges and demonstration from a large-scale urban improvement in Jordan

Impact evaluation of water infrastructure investments: Methods, challenges and demonstration from a large-scale urban improvement in Jordan

Impact Evaluation of Water Infrastructure Investments: Methods, Challenges and Demonstration From a Large‐Scale Urban Improvement in Jordan

Attitudes to Water Usage in Jordan

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