Water Shutoff in Extremely Hostile Environment: An Experimental Approach in 
Geologically Complex, Gas Condensate Reservoirs Using Cross-linked Gels

Krilov, Zoran; Tomić, Milorad V.; Mesić, Ivan; Domitrovic, D.; Myers, Roger R.

doi:10.2523/39676-ms

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Polymer gel is one of the most commonly used and important agents, which is widely used in oil fields and has achieved remarkable results [ 4 ]. Gelation time and gel strength are the most important performance indicators of polymer gel [ 5 ]. The recent research results on the dynamic gelation process in porous media show that the dynamic gelation process can be divided into three stages: induction stage, cross-linking stage and stabilization stage [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Shear Rate on Dynamic Gelation of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Gel in Porous Media

Tang

et al. 2022

Gels

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Polymer gel is the most widely used plugging agent in profile control, whose formula and injected speed are very important process parameters. It is very significant to study the effect of shear rates on the dynamic gelation of polymer gel in porous media for selecting suitable formula and injection speed. Taking the phenol formaldehyde resin gel with static gelation time of 21 h in ampoule bottle as research objective, it was studied the dynamic gelation process and subsequent water flooding in porous media under different injected speeds by a circulated equipment. The results shown that final dynamic gelation time is 2.4 times longer than the static gelation time in porous media. The gel particles are formed and mainly accumulated in the near wellbore zone after dynamic gelation. Injection speed has little effect on the dynamic gelation time in porous media, but has a great effect on the gel strength. The effect of injection speed on dynamic gel strength is evaluated by established the quantitative relationship between shear rate and dynamic gel strength. According to subsequent water flooding results, gel particles have certain plugging capacity in the near wellbore zone. The plugging ability declines obviously with an increasing injection speed. The experimental results provide theoretical support for the successful application of polymer gel used in profile control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Shear Rate on Dynamic Gelation of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Gel in Porous Media

Tang

et al. 2022

Gels

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“…1). 12,13 Several variations of the same technology were created to overcome toxicity issues associated with formaldehyde and phenol. These processes generally involve replacing formaldehyde and phenol with less toxic derivatives that generate phenol and formaldehyde in situ, or are themselves active components of the crosslinking system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These processes generally involve replacing formaldehyde and phenol with less toxic derivatives that generate phenol and formaldehyde in situ, or are themselves active components of the crosslinking system. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Recently, a less toxic crosslinker was tested extensively in field trials worldwide and has enjoyed a very high success rate. [23][24][25][26][27] This system is based on polyethyleneimine (PEI) crosslinker and a copolymer of acrylamide and t-butyl acrylate (PA-t-BA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Polymer-Based Compositions Designed for Use in Conformance Gel Systems

Reddy

Eoff

Dalrymple

et al. 2003

SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThis paper describes a crosslinking material derived from natural sources. This material can be used with a variety of polymers over a broad temperature range to produce gels for conformance applications.Delayed cross-linked polymer systems have been used for many years in conformance applications. For the past decade, the most widely used system has been based on chromium (3+) cross-linked polyacrylamide. Organic crosslinkers, such as phenol/formaldehyde and polyethyleneimine have also been used with a variety of polymers. However, these systems are being scrutinized by regulatory agencies and have now been scheduled for phase-out in some countries. Because of these issues, a single, environmentally friendly crosslinker that could be used with a variety of polymers over a broad temperature range was selected for study. This paper details the laboratory development of an environmentally friendly, natural polyamine crosslinker system. This crosslinker can be used with a variety of polymers, such as polyacrylamide, AMPS/acrylamide, or alkylacrylate polymers. Gels ranging from stiff and "ringing" type to "lipping" gels have been obtained. Recent efforts have targeted designing chitosan-based gel compositions. These efforts included not only using chitosan as the base polymer in combination with a synthetic polymeric cross-linker, but also developing gels derived completely from natural polymers. Results from these studies will be presented.

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Lesson Learned from the Application of Calcium Carbonate Polymer for Water Shut-Off Project in A Carbonate Gas Well, Offshore Borneo Island

Sidek

Madon

Jaafar

2022

SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition

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This paper provides valuable insights on the systematic engineering approach, extensive laboratory evaluation and lesson learned on the application of calcium carbonate polymer for water shut-off (WSO) project in a carbonate gas well, offshore Borneo Island, East Malaysia. Excessive water production is a well-known problem faced by petroleum industry, combine with carbonate reservoirs that are notoriously difficult to characterize and challenging to produce, the selection of suitable WSO method is vital to ensure successful and sustainable treatment. However, limited studies have been conducted to compare between various chemical WSO from the industry guidelines with the success rate and lesson learned from historical field execution particularly for carbonate gas reservoirs in Malaysia. Carbonate gas reservoirs have long been an important element of Malaysia’s O&G business and as the portfolio increases to meet regional energy demand, focus on effective WSO treatment for carbonate gas wells is crucial in ensuring continuous production delivery to the customers. As a result, study was initiated to evaluate feasibility of WSO using calcium carbonate polymer in a carbonate gas field that has been producing for almost 25 years with nonuniform strong aquifer support and experiencing excessive water production. The workflow adopted for the WSO treatment involves thorough reservoir review to ascertain the water production caused, extensive laboratory testing that include core flood experiments to ascertain the chemical effectiveness, detail field historical production data analysis performance analysis (e.g. nodal analysis and network modeling), sensitivity analysis on fluid placement using CAD software (e.g. StimPro), economic evaluation that include decision risk analysis to evaluate all range of probabilistic outcome along with a structured post-job review on the failure analysis. Laboratory testing and core flooding was conducted to mimic the condition during mixing at surface, pumping into the well and the soaking in the reservoir, from 80degf at 14.7psi and to 245degF up at 1700psi. Building the model for WSO candidates requires well calibration and matching to the current well performance to ensure correct basis of evaluation, hence Prosper was used as a tool for nodal analysis for multilayer model to analyze the zone contribution, estimate the gas production gain and determine water production reduction. Chemical placement and volume were generated using StimPro considering several case scenarios that include coiled tubing placement, optimum injection rate and ideal penetration depth. Based on the laboratory test results, the calcium carbonate polymer can be pump through the CT (e.g. total gelling time of 48hrs including mixing, POOH CT & soaking). Core flooding indicate that it can be pumped into the reservoir & withstand up to 1700 psi forward pressure. Fluid placement was generated using StimPro where it was recommended to use retrievable packer to minimize the risk of calcium carbonate polymer invasion into the gas producing zone. Post-job review suggests additional test to mimic all possible scenarios on-site particularly temperature sensitivity to determine gelling time and gel stability correspond to various pumping time and rates. This paper highlighted the potential of WSO using calcium carbonate polymer for the candidate well and will be applicable as evident of practical improvement for the WSO treatment execution in the future. Change in business landscapes may be observed toward chemical WSO should the application is successful to maximize Asset value within PETRONAS that experiencing similar issue.

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Water Shutoff in Extremely Hostile Environment: An Experimental Approach in Geologically Complex, Gas Condensate Reservoirs Using Cross-linked Gels

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

The Effect of Shear Rate on Dynamic Gelation of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Gel in Porous Media

The Effect of Shear Rate on Dynamic Gelation of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Gel in Porous Media

Natural Polymer-Based Compositions Designed for Use in Conformance Gel Systems

Lesson Learned from the Application of Calcium Carbonate Polymer for Water Shut-Off Project in A Carbonate Gas Well, Offshore Borneo Island

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