Water softening using graphene oxide/biopolymer hybrid nanomaterials

Rocha, Luciana S.; Nogueira, João; Daniel‐da‐Silva, Ana L.; Marques, Paula A.A.P.; Fateixa, Sara; Pereira, Eduarda; Trindade, Tito

doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.105045

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…With a similar approach, Rocha et al explored GO materials with their surface modified by κ-carrageenan as a biopolymer-based softener. The experimental results evidenced a decrease of the hardness of natural waters containing high levels of Ca 2+ ions [19]. GO membranes were found to be able to adsorb Ca 2+ ions from hard water, with uptake values up to 0.05 mg of Ca 2+ ions per mg of GO membrane [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Liang et al reported an adsorbing capacity up to 50 mg Ca2+,eq •g GO −1 , which was extrapolated according to experimental results obtained using a single membrane of 5 mg and a total filtered volume of 20 mL [20]. Using an alternative approach, Rocha et al reported the performance of κ-carrageenan-modified GO, which showed maximum adsorption capacity values of 48 mg Ca2+,eq •g GO −1 [19]. Such results were obtained by directly contacting hard water and the modified GO, with a contact time of 10 min under similar conditions in terms of specific filtered water volumes.…”

Section: Assessment Of the Softening Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Novel Approach to Water Softening Based on Graphene Oxide-Activated Open Cell Foams

Balzarotti

Migliavacca²,

Peressut³

et al. 2023

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This work focuses on exploring a new configuration for the reduction of water hardness based on the surface modification of polyurethane (PU) open cell foams by the deposition of thin graphene oxide (GO) washcoat layers. GO was deposited by the dip–squeeze coating procedure and consolidated by thermal treatment. The final washcoat load was controlled by performing consecutive depositions, after three of which, a GO inventory up to 27 wt% was obtained onto PU foams of 60 pores per inch (PPI). The GO-coated PU foams were assembled into a filter, and the performance of the system was tested by continuously feeding water with hardness in the 190–270 mgCa2+,eq·L−1 range. Remarkable results were demonstrated in terms of total adsorbing capacity, which was evaluated by measuring the outlet total hardness by titration and exhibited values up to 63 mgCa2+,eq·gGO−1 at a specific filtered water volume of 650 mLH2O·gGO−1, outperforming the actual state-of-the-art adsorbing capacity of similar GO-based materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Assessment Of the Softening Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach to Water Softening Based on Graphene Oxide-Activated Open Cell Foams

Balzarotti

Migliavacca²,

Peressut³

et al. 2023

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“…Indeed, a total hardness concentration above 4 mg/L can affect human and animal health, power generation, and equipment corrosion rate [1,2]. The water softening process is an efficient method to reduce the concentrations of hard ions (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) in water, thus becoming increasingly important for economic, operational, and safety concerns [3,4]. Softening water using chemical and thermochemical methods involves the use of reverse osmosis and ion exchange processes [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Investigations of Hydrodynamics in a Liquid-Solid Fluidized Bed

Liu¹,

Wu²,

Wang

et al. 2022

MSF

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The liquid-solid fluidization bed is an effective method for removing hard ions from water. However, it is widely believed that the flow in the liquid-solid fluidization bed is homogeneous, which limits the transfer rates of heat, mass, momentum, and mixing. In this study, the results of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method showed significant heterogeneous particle–fluid patterns in the liquid-solid fluidization bed. On the other hand, simulations of the hydrodynamics behavior in the liquid-solid fluidized bed were first performed using different solid particle sizes, then particle classification, velocity distribution, and the vortical structures in the liquid-solid fluidized bed were assessed. In addition, a new model was proposed in this study to predict the flow behavior of the fluid-particle system used. The obtained results demonstrated the presence of the heterogeneous flow regime in the liquid-solid fluidized bed. The developed model for the onset of heterogeneous fluidization behavior revealed reasonable prediction results. Therefore, this model can be applied in future related studies on the hydrodynamics of the liquid-solid fluidized bed.

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