Water Soluble Ionic Components in Particulate Matter (PM10) during High Pollution Episode Days at Mohal and Kothi in the North-Western Himalaya, India

Kuniyal, Jagdish Chandra; Sharma, Manum; Chand, Kesar; Mathela, C. S.

doi:10.4209/aaqr.2013.09.0297

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moreover, this ratio indicates the influence of sulfuric acid, reflecting the contribution of acidity in the atmosphere. Furthermore, a recent study from north-western Himalaya, India [43] suggested that the ratio of such acids >1 means free acidity due to nitric and hydrochloric acid. Meanwhile, seasonally the ratios were found in the order of monsoon (1.01) > winter (0.50) > pre-monsoon (0.43) > post-monsoon (0.31).…”

Section: Principal Component Analysis (Pca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-Soluble Ionic Composition of Aerosols at Urban Location in the Foothills of Himalaya, Pokhara Valley, Nepal

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected from April 2013 to April 2014 at the urban location of Pokhara valley in western Nepal. The major aims were to study, quantify, and understand the concentrations and variations of TSP and major water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the valley with limited data. The annual average TSP mass concentration was 135.50˘62.91 µg/m 3 . The average analyzed total WSIIs accounted for 14.4% of total TSP mass. Major anions and cations in TSP samples were SO 4 2´a nd Ca 2+ , respectively. Seasonal differences in atmospheric conditions explain the clear seasonal variations of ions, with higher concentrations during pre-monsoon and winter and lower concentrations during the monsoon period. Neutralization factor calculations suggested that Ca 2+ in the Pokhara valley mostly neutralizes the acidity in the atmosphere. Principle component analysis, NO 3´/ SO 4 2´r atio, and non-sea salt fraction calculations suggested that the WSIIs in the valley were mostly derived from anthropogenic activities and crustal mineral dust, which was also supported by the results from precipitation chemistry over the central Himalayas, Nepal. In addition, back trajectories analysis has suggested that the air pollution transported from and through Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) during the dry periods, which has resulted in high ionic loadings during this period. Average NO 3´/ SO 4 2´r atio was found to be 0.69, indicating the dominance of stationary sources of TSP in Pokhara valley. Secondary inorganic aerosols can have an adverse health impact on the human population in the valley. The data set from this one-year study provides new insights into the composition of WSIIs in the foothills of the Himalayas, which can be of great importance for understanding the atmospheric environment in the region.

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Section: Principal Component Analysis (Pca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-Soluble Ionic Composition of Aerosols at Urban Location in the Foothills of Himalaya, Pokhara Valley, Nepal

et al. 2016

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“…Similar height has been applied by Kuniyal et al (2013) to study the composition and transport of aerosols in north western Himalayan region of India. Total six clusters were identified viz.…”

Section: Clusterwise Chemical Composition Of Snowmeltmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of its sensitivity, annual and seasonal depositions of various chemical species are poorly understood. There are some, by far very few, papers on the aerosols, rain water and snow geochemistry in the Himalayas (Gajananda et al, 2005;Tiwari et al, 2012;Kuniyal et al, 2013). Also, the comprehensive studies on fresh snowfall chemistry are limited in western Himalayan region of India (Naik et al, 1995;Kulshrestha and Kumar, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Range Transport and Wet Deposition Fluxes of Major Chemical Species in Snow at Gulmarg in North Western Himalayas (India)

Kumar

Singh

Gupta

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The study reports snow chemistry and long range transport of pollutants at Gulmarg in north-western Himalayan region of India during winters of 2012-2013. The pH of snowmelt varied between 5.16 and 7.68 with an average of 5.90. The frequency distribution of pH of snowmelt showed that the maximum number of samples (31%) had pH between 6.81 and 7.20. However, 12% samples were observed to be acidic (below 5.6 respectively. Both local emissions as well as long range transport (LRT) of pollutants were found to be the sources of these ionic species. Backward airmass trajectory calculations showed that this site received airmasses from six major sectors i.e., i) North Atlantic Ocean origin (NAO), ii) African origin (Af), iii) Middle East origin (ME), iv) European origin (Eu), v) Western India origin (InW), vi) Pakistan origin (Pk). The highest average pH (7.58) of the snowfall was noticed during InW airmasses which had the lowest ratios of nssSO 4 2-/nssCa 2+ and NO 3 -/nssCa 2+ . Very high pH has been observed in precipitation samples at Indian sites due to buffering of acidic components by atmospheric dust rich in CaCO 3 . The lowest pH (4.94) was noticed for ME airmasses which had the highest nssSO 4 2-/nssCa 2+ and NO 3 -/nssCa 2+ ratios. Data of present study was compared with a study reported almost three decades ago. We noticed a drastic increase in the concentrations of anthropogenic components such as nssSO 4 2-(114%), NO 3 -(109%) and NH 4 + (90%). This is probably due to increase in LRT of pollutants as well as local activities during past three decades.

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“…SO 2 and NO x owing to its gas to particle conversion under optimum conditions have been studied widely for different categories of biomass (Reddy and Venkataraman, 2002;Gadi et al, 2003;Saud et al, 2011). Kuniyal et al (2015) studied the particulate concentration in the Kullu valley (Himalayan region) and reported that coal, wood and straw burning could be the reason for the particulate concentration over the region. The major source of fluoride and potassium in the Himalayan region is possibly due to burning of wood and straw.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Saxena

Sharma

Tomar

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In the present study, we have determined the emission factors (EF) and estimated the emission of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), water soluble inorganic constituents (WSIC) and trace gases such as SO 2 , NO and NO 2 from the combustion of biomass fuels (FW: fuel wood and DC: dung cake) used in rural sectors for cooking over Himachal Pradesh (HP), representing the Northwestern Himalayan region of India. The average EFs of PM estimated from FW and DC were 3.44 ± 2.38 and 11.43 ± 1.13 g kg -1 , respectively. OC and EC emission ranged from 0.106 to 3.55 g kg -1 and 0.07 to 0.90 g kg -1 , respectively for variety of biomass fuels. Total emission of PAHs from DC (44.37 mg kg ) noted in this study was almost similar. Similarly, the average EFs of NO x from FW and DC were 0.59 ± 0.49 g kg -1 and 0.34 ± 0.18 g kg -1 , respectively. FWs have comparatively higher SO 2 emission (average: 0.43 ± 0.38 g kg -1 ) than from DC (average: 0.23 ± 0.15 g kg -1 ). Among anionic inorganic constituents emitted from FW, maximum EF was noted for Cl -(0.30 ± 0.26 g kg -1 ). Similarly for cations, highest EF was noted of K + (0.20 ± 0.09 g kg -1 ). Ca 2+ and Na + were the major cationic species identified in plumes of DC burning. Utilizing total annual consumption of biomass fuels and EFs of particulates and trace gases determined in the present study over HP and in the past study (Saud et al., 2011 over Uttarakhand, budget estimates of PM, OC, EC, TC, PAHs, SO 2 and NO x have been determined over the Northwestern Himalayan region. Total annual emission estimated over Northwestern Himalayan region are as:

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Water Soluble Ionic Components in Particulate Matter (PM10) during High Pollution Episode Days at Mohal and Kothi in the North-Western Himalaya, India

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Water-Soluble Ionic Composition of Aerosols at Urban Location in the Foothills of Himalaya, Pokhara Valley, Nepal

Water-Soluble Ionic Composition of Aerosols at Urban Location in the Foothills of Himalaya, Pokhara Valley, Nepal

Long Range Transport and Wet Deposition Fluxes of Major Chemical Species in Snow at Gulmarg in North Western Himalayas (India)

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

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