Water‐Soluble Polysaccharide from Eleutherococcus senticosus Stems Attenuates Fulminant Hepatic Failure Induced by D‐Galactosamine and Lipopolysaccharide in Mice

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Eleutherococcus senticosus stems could attenuate D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure in mice. E. senticosus, known as Siberian ginseng, is a popular folk medicine used as a tonic in Asia. Preparations of E. senticosus used in this study were as follows; (i) 70% ethanol extract (ii) water extract (iii) ethanol-soluble part of the water extract (iv) polysaccharide obtained as an 80% ethanol insoluble of the water extract. Preparations were given by intraperitoneal (300 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) or oral (300 mg/kg) injection at 12 hr and 1 hr before a D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide injection. The intraperitoneal injection of water extract and polysaccharide significantly lowered serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, improved the histologic changes in liver, inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis confirmed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling method and DNA fragmentation assay, and suppressed the lethality induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide. The oral administration of water extract and polysaccharide also reduced serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels. In contrast 70% ethanol extract and ethanol-soluble part of the water extract had no protective effect when treated intraperitoneally or orally. These results indicate E. senticosus stems attenuate fulminant hepatic failure induced by D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide in mice and the protective effect is due to water-soluble polysaccharides in E. senticosus stems.

<em>Ulva lactuca</em> polysaccharides prevent Wistar rat breast carcinogenesis through the augmentation of apoptosis, enhancement of antioxidant defense system, and suppression of inflammation

“…Hence, they strongly inhibited the generation of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW murine macrophage. In addition, these results are in agreement with the results of Park et al90 who found that water-soluble polysaccharide from Eleutherococcus senticosus reduced the NO and lipid peroxidation levels in serum of mice. In the present study, polysaccharides extracted from the green alga, U. lactuca , profoundly decreased the serum NO level.…”

“…Water-soluble polysaccharide from E. senticosus increased the activities of CAT and GPx in kidney90 and attenuated the renal dysfunction 104. The increase in antioxidant enzymes by U. lactuca polysaccharides suggests that it inhibits the process of oxidative stress-induced carcinogenesis.…”

Effects of &lt;i&gt;Acanthopanax senticosus&lt;/i&gt; Polysaccharide Supplementation on Growth Performance, Immunity, Blood Parameters and Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Genes in Challenged Weaned Piglets

“…Notably, recent studies demonstrating that extracts derived from Acanthopanax senticosus (AS), a well-known herb widely distributing in northern regions of Korea, Japan, and China (Deyama et al, 2001; Park et al, 2004), improved immune responses (Kong et al, 2007a), enhanced utilization efficiency of nutrition (Kong et al, 2009a), and modulated gut health of weaned piglets (Yin et al, 2008; Fang et al, 2009) have gained extensive attention. Above all, Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) as a extract typically concentrated in the root of AS, in human and rodents, has been shown to have potent immunomodulatory activity in vitro and in vivo by improving lymphocyte proliferation (Chen et al, 2011), inducing cytokine actions of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Steinmann et al, 2001), enhancing activities of B cells and phagocytosis of macrophages (Han et al, 2003), inhibiting the transferred tumor growths and ameliorating toxicities of toxic substances by immunomodulatory role of ASPS (Shen et al, 1991).…”

Eleutheroside B increase tight junction proteins and anti‐inflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2)

“…Acanthopanax senticosus is a well‐recognised herbal plant and widely used in the Northeastern regions of China, Korea, Japan, and Russia (Davydov & Krikorian, ; Park et al, ) and other parts of the world. It is mainly composed of EB and Eleutheroside E (Takeshi, Sansei, & Yoshihisa, ).…”