Water-Soluble Saccharina latissima Polysaccharides and Relation of Their Structural Characteristics with In Vitro Immunostimulatory and Hypocholesterolemic Activities

Abstract

Brown macroalgae are an important source of polysaccharides, mainly fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides (FCSPs), associated with several biological activities. However, the structural diversity and structure–function relationships for their bioactivities are still undisclosed. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the chemical structure of water-soluble Saccharina latissima polysaccharides and evaluate their immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic activities, helping to pinpoint a structure–activity relationship. Alginate, laminarans (F1, neutral glucose-rich polysaccharides), and two fractions (F2 and F3) of FCSPs (negatively charged) were studied. Whereas F2 is rich in uronic acids (45 mol%) and fucose (29 mol%), F3 is rich in fucose (59 mol%) and galactose (21 mol%). These two fractions of FCSPs showed immunostimulatory activity on B lymphocytes, which could be associated with the presence of sulphate groups. Only F2 exhibited a significant effect in reductions in in vitro cholesterol’s bioaccessibility attributed to the sequestration of bile salts. Therefore, S. latissima FCSPs were shown to have potential as immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic functional ingredients, where their content in uronic acids and sulphation seem to be relevant for the bioactive and healthy properties.

Fucus vesiculosus-Rich Extracts as Potential Functional Food Ingredients: A Holistic Extraction Approach

“…It was also possible to see the presence of sulphates, accounting for 5.8% of the DW of F. vesiculosus biomass (Table 1). Therefore, the carbohydrate composition herein described is consistent with the presence of different polysaccharides in F. vesiculosus, as reported for this species [11,37,38] or brown seaweeds in general [1,13,39,40].…”

“…This fraction was revealed to be composed mainly of -SO 3 − and Fuc, corresponding to 39.3 and 18.9 mol%, respectively, showing the occurrence of fucoidans, which are commonly found in the cell walls of brown macroalgae [11,12,37,49]. The 1_RTW_Sn_D fraction was also shown to contain Glc (16.8 mol%), indicating the occurrence of laminarans, as well as uronic acids (UA, 16.1 mol%), which could be indicative of the presence of alginates or uronic acids linked to the fucoidan structure, as previously reported [13,37]. This fraction also had minor amounts of Gal, Xyl, Man, Rha and Ara, accounting together for 8.9 mol%, which may also be associated with the fucoidan structure [3,11,12].…”

“…The 1_RTW_Sn extract, besides PTs, contained 18.6% of carbohydrates. The high abundance of determined Man (59.4 mol%) is possibly due to the occurrence of mannitol, which is known to occur in brown algae [16] and determined via GC-FID alditol acetates to be Man [13,24]. Likewise, the subsequent 1_EtOH_70%_Sn extract was shown to be composed of 10.6% of carbohydrates, with Man accounting for 48.7 mol% (Table 1).…”

“…Fucoidans can reach 26% of the DW of F. vesiculosus, with a molecular weight of up to 1600 kDa [1,11]. These polysaccharides have received more attention due to their low toxicity and well-established anticoagulant and immunomodulatory effects [12,13]. Laminarans are polysaccharides composed of a linear backbone of β-1,3-D-glucopyranose residues with some random 6-O-branching points.…”

Current Status of Marine Animal Derived Polysaccharides in Sustainable Food Packaging

“…The primary benefit of utilizing marine polysaccharide-based edible food packaging materials is to safeguard the food’s quality, extend its shelf life, and enhance the functional properties, financial advantages, and ecological sustainability of the packaging, as indicated by source. , Polysaccharide-based materials possess two notable advantages over conventional packaging materials, namely, their edibility and environmentally sustainable properties. , These materials are superior to those of paper, plastic, metal, and glass in this regard. Marine polysaccharides exhibit superior chemical stability and processing adaptability in comparison to packaging materials based on proteins and lipids. , Additionally, they offer a wider range of sources and are more cost-effective. Studies have indicated that materials based on polysaccharides exhibit favorable barrier properties against gases, aromas, and lipids. , Additionally, certain polysaccharides and their derivatives possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which can provide effective protection to various food items such as fruits, vegetables, meat, aquatic products, nuts, confectioneries, and delicatessens, thereby prolonging their shelf life. , In addition, the development of materials based on polysaccharides serves to decrease reliance on petroleum resources, diminish the carbon footprint of the system that encompasses both the product and its packaging, and align with the strategic objectives of sustainable packaging on a global scale. , …”