Water-soluble transition-metal complexes with hydrophilic N-heterocyclic carbene ligands for aqueous-phase applications

Rational design of galactopyranoside-substituted N-heterocyclic carbene palladium(ii) complexes. Stable and efficient catalyst for C–C coupling in aqueous media

“…Besides, implementing green solvents such as water simplifies catalyst separation by creating a biphasic reaction mixture. 8 In 1990, Casalnuovo et al , reported the Suzuki reaction between aryl halides and boron reagents in water. 9 This reaction has been crucial in the advancements of aqueous phase cross-coupling reactions.…”

Unlocking the potential of water-soluble gold(i)–NHC complexes: unveiling the role of carboxylic acid in cycloisomerization of alkynyl amino acid derivatives

“…Nowadays, various transition metal complexed with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) bearing hydrophilic groups are known. 2,3 NHC ligands provide higher stability and reactivity to the transition metal catalyst compared with phosphine-based ligands since the metal-NHC bonds exhibit a strong s donor contribution and p back-donation ability. 4 In particular, a number of water-soluble NHC-based gold complexes were reported by us [5][6][7] and other authors.…”

Galactopyranoside-SubstitutedN-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes: Synthesis, Stability, and Catalytic Applications to Alkyne Hydration

“…This neutral monodentate ligand has a series of advantages, such as stability and tolerance to a variety of functional groups. Furthermore, NHCs have contributed to significant advances in water-soluble transition-metal complexes for aqueous phase applications . The most common and simple route to access the NHC is through commercial or synthesized imidazolium salts, using a large number of methodologies. , Finally, by treatment with a strong Brønsted base (KH, NaH, BuLi, etc.…”