Water-soluble/visible-light-sensitive naphthalimide derivative-based photoinitiating systems: 3D printing of antibacterial hydrogels

Abstract

The adaptability of hydrogels allows these structures to be used in a variety of industries, including biomedicine, soft electronics, and sensors.

5,12‐Dihydroindolo[3,2‐a]Carbazole Derivatives‐Based Water Soluble Photoinitiators for 3D Antibacterial Hydrogels Preparation

“…It was discovered that introducing the nitro group to the carbazole caused the deeper hue and enhanced solubility. Interestingly, the solubility of these synthesized carbazoles is considerably greater than that of the benchmark water‐soluble PI (about 0.5 wt% for I2959 [ 16,40 ] ).…”

“…Since Iod only dissolves in organic solvents, while the prepared carbazoles are only dispersed in DMSO, the photolysis of the prepared two carbazole derivatives with or without the additives (TEA, Iod) were investigated in DMSO under the irradiation of a LED@405 nm, while maintaining a concentration of 5 × 10 −3 wt% for the carbazoles and 1.5 wt% for the additives (e.g., Iod and amine). [ 40 ] Optical absorption spectra were recorded at varying exposure intervals.…”

“…The redox potentials ( E ox / E red ) of the synthesized carbazoles were also assessed using cyclic voltammetry, which has been described in detail in the previous report. [ 33,40 ] The free energy change Δ G et for the electron transfer reaction occurring depicted in Scheme was calculated from $$\[ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\Delta {G_{{\rm{et}}}} = {E_{{\rm{ox}}}} - {E_{{\rm{red}}}} - {E_{\rm{S}}} + C}\end{array} \]$$where E ox , E red , and E S stand for redox potentials, and the singlet state energy of the PI (estimated by the carbazoles’ optical absorption and fluorescence spectra), respectively. C is typically ignored in polar solvents.…”

“…The procedures for analyzing the free radical polymerization kinetics of aqueous monomers using RT‐FTIR are described in detail in references. [ 33,40 ] The final conversion of functional group was calculated from the following formula: $$\[ \begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{FCs\left( \\end{array} \]$$where A 0 and A t signify the area of functional group's peaks, while the subscripts t and 0 stand for the final irradiation time and the beginning of the curing, respectively. [ 44 ]…”

Recent advances on photobleachable visible light photoinitiators of polymerization

“…[238] Indeed, phenothiazine is a wellknown electron donor that was used for the design of numerous photoinitiators due to the easiness of chemical modifications. [238][239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246][247][248] A similar easiness of chemical modifications can also be mentioned for carbazole [152,206,207,[249][250][251][252][253][254][255][256][257][258][259] and triphenylamine [260,261], but also for other popular scaffolds for the design of photoinitiators such as naphthalimide, [97,227,228,[262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274][275][276]…”