Water stress effects on guard cell anatomy and the mechanical advantage of the epidermal cells

Spence, Richard D.; Wu, Hsin‐I; Sharpe, Peter J. H.; Clark, Katie

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01732.x

Cited by 18 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…; Spence et al . ; Xia ; Franks & Farquhar ), were also detected in 14‐days citral‐treated plants. Moreover, reduced rosette size, leaf area and number of leaves of these treated plants are also useful strategies to limit water loss through transpiration (Raison et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The plant secondary metabolite citral alters water status and prevents seed formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2015

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Based on previous results, which showed that the secondary metabolite citral causes disturbances to plant water status, the present study is focused on demonstrating and detailing these effects on the water-related parameters of Arabidopsis thaliana adult plants, and their impact on plant fitness. Clear evidence of effects on water status and fitness were observed: plants treated with 1200 and 2400 μm citral showed decreased RWC, reduced Ψs , increased Ψw and reduced stomatal opening, even 7 days after the beginning of the experiment. Plant protection signals, such as leaf rolling or increased anthocyanin content, were also detected in these plants. In contrast, 14 days after beginning the treatment, treated plants showed signs of citral-related damage. Moreover, the reproductive success of treated plants was critically compromised, with prematurely withered flowers and no silique or seed development. This effect of citral on fitness of adult plants suggests a promising application of this natural compound in weed management by reducing the weed seed bank in the soil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The plant secondary metabolite citral alters water status and prevents seed formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2015

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“…These values are estimates within the framework of our model, which includes approximations such as simplified geometry, having only one type of fibre with idealized alignment and no cross‐linking, and material incompressibilty. Within this framework, the high strength of the circumferential CMFs, relative to the matrix, is crucial for restricting radial expansion of the guard cells, consistent with experimental data that show guard cell widths remain constant during opening (Spence et al ., ; Rui and Anderson, ). This approach allows us to accurately recapitulate the open stoma, with the aperture, guard cell width and pore length all within 2.5% of the observed values, and the stoma length about 7.5% longer than for the observed stoma.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A computational approach for inferring the cell wall properties that govern guard cell dynamics

et al. 2017

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SummaryGuard cells dynamically adjust their shape in order to regulate photosynthetic gas exchange, respiration rates and defend against pathogen entry. Cell shape changes are determined by the interplay of cell wall material properties and turgor pressure. To investigate this relationship between turgor pressure, cell wall properties and cell shape, we focused on kidney‐shaped stomata and developed a biomechanical model of a guard cell pair. Treating the cell wall as a composite of the pectin‐rich cell wall matrix embedded with cellulose microfibrils, we show that strong, circumferentially oriented fibres are critical for opening. We find that the opening dynamics are dictated by the mechanical stress response of the cell wall matrix, and as the turgor rises, the pectinaceous matrix stiffens. We validate these predictions with stomatal opening experiments in selected Arabidopsis cell wall mutants. Thus, using a computational framework that combines a 3D biomechanical model with parameter optimization, we demonstrate how to exploit subtle shape changes to infer cell wall material properties. Our findings reveal that proper stomatal dynamics are built on two key properties of the cell wall, namely anisotropy in the form of hoop reinforcement and strain stiffening.

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“…Stomatal density increase and stomatal size decrease with increasing light intensity resulting in a bigger membrane surface‐to‐volume ratio and allowing a faster conductance regulation (Casson & Gray, ; Drake, Froend, & Franks, ). A reduced conductance is often reported as an adaptive response in plants growing under drought stress conditions (Spence, Wu, Sharpe, & Clark, ; Xu & Zhou, ). Light and drought stress, therefore, influences stomatal conductance, but both factors are only hard to distinguish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desert‐like badlands and surrounding (semi‐)dry grasslands of Central Germany promote small‐scale phenotypic and genetic differentiation inThymus praecox

Karbstein

Tomasello

Prinz

2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Environmental heterogeneity among sites can generate phenotypic and genetic variation facilitating differentiation and microevolution of plant populations. Badlands are desert‐like, predominantly vegetation‐poor habitats often embedded in (semi‐)dry grasslands. The desert‐like conditions of badlands demand extreme adaptation of plants, that is, phenotypic modifications in short‐term and/or natural adaptation in long‐term. However, detailed knowledge is missing about both plant phenotypic and genetic differentiation in this unique and widely occurring habitat type. The present study focused on the largest known badlands systems in Central Europe located in the “Drei Gleichen” region, a designated nature conservation area in Central Germany. Locations were suitable for this study in terms of having co‐occurring badlands and (semi‐)dry grassland habitats (sites) occupied by the pioneer plant Thymus praecox. Here, we studied the environmental preferences, morphological and functional trait variation, and genetic variation using microsatellite markers of T. praecox. Results revealed significant, mainly site‐dependent environmental, phenotypic, and genetic differentiation. In general, individuals in badlands are shorter in height and have lower patch sizes (length × width), relative growth rates, and smaller stomata. The PCA additionally unveiled slightly increased leaf robustness, trichome density, decreased stomatal conductance, fewer females, and earlier phenology in badlands. We interpret differentiation patterns as adaptive responses to light, temperature, drought, and nutrient stress conditions supported by reviewed literature. Genetic differentiation was strongest between local badlands and grassland sites, and clearly weaker among locations and between sites (in total) as indicated by GST, AMOVA, PCoA, and population structure. Our study supports the importance of small‐scale microhabitat conditions as a driver of microevolutionary processes, and the population's need for sufficient phenotypic variation and genetic resources to deal with environmental changes. We demonstrated that badlands are an appropriate model system for testing plant response to extreme habitats and that more research is needed on these fascinating landscapes.

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Water stress effects on guard cell anatomy and the mechanical advantage of the epidermal cells

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

The plant secondary metabolite citral alters water status and prevents seed formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

The plant secondary metabolite citral alters water status and prevents seed formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

A computational approach for inferring the cell wall properties that govern guard cell dynamics

Desert‐like badlands and surrounding (semi‐)dry grasslands of Central Germany promote small‐scale phenotypic and genetic differentiation inThymus praecox

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