“…Therefore, research institutions such as Northwestern University and Nanyang University of Technology have studied various organisms which swim by means of an undulating fin, such as manta ray [9][10][11], stingray [12], black ghost knifefish [13,14], Rhinoptera javanica [15], and seahorse [16]. The various approaches they employed encompass analysis of kinematic data from live swimming fish [17], computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies [13,18,19], and theoretical modeling [4,20,21]. Based on the research of undulating fin propulsion, many bionic prototypes of robotic fish have been designed and manufactured.…”