Water-Swellable Cellulose Nanofiber Aerogel for Control of Hemorrhage from Penetrating Wounds

Abstract

Uncontrolled hemorrhage from wounds with deep and irregular cavities is short of efficient hemostats. Here we report a citric acid-cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose nanofiber (CA-CMCNF) aerogel for the control of bleeding from penetrating wounds. The compressed CA-CMCNF aerogel could quickly swell into its original shape in water in seconds. The maximum mass and volume expansion ratios were over 6800 and 3000%, respectively. The water-swellable property allows the aerogel to self-expand and fill in the cavities of wounds. The in situ-generated expansion pressure resisted the systolic blood pressure, and the plentiful carboxyl groups triggered the active coagulation pathway, both contributing to the hemostatic capability of the aerogel. Additionally, the aerogel had good biocompatibility and excellent antibacterial capability. The animal experiments revealed that the aerogels significantly reduced both the hemostasis time and the amount of bleeding in a liver penetrating model. Therefore, this study provides a safe and robust hemostatic aerogel for controlling bleeding from penetrating wounds.

Recent Advances in Topical Hemostatic Materials

“…Moreover, cellulose has excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Cellulose can concentrate coagulation factors and aggregate platelets through the absorption of blood, causing the coagulation cascade reaction, and ultimately accelerating the hemostatic process (Figure C). , Wang et al prepared a citric acid cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose nanofiber (CA-CMCNF) aerogel for the control of penetrating wound bleeding by a simple lyophilization and heating process . Penetrating wounds are often too deep to control bleeding, so the CA-CMCNF aerogel was designed to stop bleeding by rapidly expanding in the wound to block it (Figure D).…”

“…155,156 Wang et al prepared a citric acid cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose nanofiber (CA-CMCNF) aerogel for the control of penetrating wound bleeding by a simple lyophilization and heating process. 157 Penetrating wounds are often too deep to control bleeding, so the CA-CMCNF aerogel was designed to stop bleeding by rapidly expanding in the wound to block it (Figure 6D). When the sponge was inserted into the wound, it can absorb blood quickly and fill the wound with durable pressure.…”

“…(D) Hemostatic process of citric acid cross-linked carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers (CA-CMCNF) aerogel. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.…”

A Cost-Effective and Chemical-Recycling Approach for Facile Preparation of Regenerated Cellulose Materials

“…In a typical assay, wood pulps were used as the raw materials to produce regenerated cellulose films (Figure a). The wood pulps were first modified with carboxymethyl groups at a low DS via the process that produces CMC . In this case, CM-cellulose with a low DS of 0.15 was quickly dissolved by 8 wt % aqueous NaOH precooled at 0 °C in ∼40 s (Figure a).…”

“…The wood pulps were first modified with carboxymethyl groups at a low DS via the process that produces CMC. 15 In this case, CMcellulose with a low DS of 0.15 was quickly dissolved by 8 wt % aqueous NaOH precooled at 0 °C in ∼40 s (Figure 2a). The maximum concentration of cellulose dissolved in aqueous NaOH was up to 14 wt %, which was higher than that of cellulose used in the commercialized casting process (8−10 wt %).…”