Water treatment by reverse and forward osmosis

Rastogi, Navin K.; Cassano, Alfredo; Basile, Angelo

doi:10.1016/b978-1-78242-121-4.00004-6

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…In order to establish the flow of water through membrane in reverse osmosis process, the hydrostatic pressure applied to concentrated solution, which is termed as feed solution, must be greater than osmotic pressure [7]. The water or solvent flow from feed side through membrane in reverse osmosis process to permeate side is divided into three stages; absorption onto surface of membrane in feed side, diffusion through membrane thickness, and desorption from membrane surface in permeate side.…”

Section: Fig 1 Schematic Diagram Of Reverse Osmosis Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of membrane technology that has been widely used especially in water treatment is reverse osmosis (RO). Osmosis is the process of solvent or water from a solution that has lower solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to solution that has higher solute concentration [7]. The driving force in osmotic process is concentration difference between the two sides of membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The difference is that in reverse osmosis process the flow of water or solvent is in opposite direction to water flow in osmotic process. This is due to external pressure, which is hydrostatic pressure, applied to the higher solute concentration solution [7]. The schematic process of reverse osmosis is shown in Figure 1 [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review Of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling: Formation and Control

Mulyawan

Muarif

2021

Int. J. Eng. Scie. and Inform. Technology.

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Membrane application in reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is getting more attention especially in producing drinking water. However, RO membrane faces challenges that reduces its performance such as its permeation flux, salt rejection, additional energy demand, lifetime decrease, extra pre-treatment process, cleaning and maintenance. The challenge is the formation of fouling. RO membrane fouling can happen inside or outside the membrane and the characteristics of membrane fouling differs from one type to other types, depending on the nature and location of membrane fouling. There are several types of RO fouling, which are Biofouling, Organic Fouling, Inorganic Fouling and Colloidal Fouling. The causes of RO membrane are different from one to another. The properties and materials of the solution entering RO membrane are important as it affects the type of fouling of RO membrane fouling. All of the RO membrane foulings need to be considered during membrane usage and demand solution to be controlled. In order to control the fouling in Reverse Osmosis membrane, there have been several control solutions discovered to the membrane fouling challenges. The control solutions are specified to each one of the fouling, in spite of wide applications for some of it. The control solutions are pre-treatment, which has many methods such as photo oxidation, coagulation, scale inhibitor, ion exchange resins, granular media and membrane treatment, membrane monitoring, membrane cleaning, surface modification, and material addition to membrane or novel membrane material. With various control solutions discovered, the RO membrane still faces fouling issue and is still demanding some more advanced applicable control solutions.

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Section: Fig 1 Schematic Diagram Of Reverse Osmosis Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%