Water treatment in a Membrane-Assisted Crystallizer (MAC)

Sluys, Jos T. M.; Verdoes, D.; Hanemaaijer, J.H.

doi:10.1016/0011-9164(96)00036-7

Cited by 38 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Therefore, direct crystallization of hardness on the membrane surface might not be as serious as that on the inside‐out membrane even without pellets added. Indeed, in the study by Sluys et al (1996) in which an inside‐out membrane was used, even without adding pellets, the membrane alone can still have the same level of hardness removal as the same system with pellets, although the hardness removal process takes longer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the tests to investigate the effect of flow rate on the proposed process, the UF membrane was operated with or without pellets inside the reactor at a fixed flow rate of 20 L/h/m 2 (15.5 mL/min) as suggested by the manufacturer. With a reactor volume of 7 L, a flow rate of 15.5 mL/min corresponds to a detention time of 7.53 h, which is much longer than what is encountered when using a conventional fluidized‐bed reactor (Sluys et al, 1996; Harms & Robinson, 1992). Long detention time in this study does not hinder the comparison of hardness removal performance of the current system with others because it is reported that hardness removal reaches a steady state within minutes, i.e., detention time longer than a few minutes does not further enhance hardness removal (Sluys et al, 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of operation pH level; membrane operation conditions; and pellet size, type, and quantity on hardness removal efficiency and membrane fouling were investigated. Applying an outside‐in hollow‐fiber membrane instead of an inside‐out configuration in a crystallizer can avoid possible blockage of membrane fiber lumen by pellets as indicated by Sluys et al (1996). Also, although it is necessary to provide cross flow through an inside‐out membrane to reduce the extent of membrane fouling, it is not necessary to provide cross flow through an outside‐in hollow‐fiber membrane, which reduces the amount of energy needed (Sluys et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating Membrane Filtration and a Fluidized‐Bed Pellet Reactor for Hardness Removal

Li¹,

Jian²,

Liao³

2004

Journal AWWA

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Fluidized‐bed pellet reactor technology was developed to remove water hardness with minimal sludge production. Operation procedures of this process include adding pellets into a column reactor and directing raw water and chemicals through the bottom of the column, keeping pellets fluidized to prevent them from being coagulated. In this study a process combining an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with outside‐in flow configuration and a fluidized‐bed pellet reactor was proposed for hard water softening. The advantages of such a process include a compact reactor footprint, high treatment efficiency, and excellent effluent quality. Three different pellets of various sizes were used: quartz sand, beach sand, and heated iron oxide particles (HIOPs). Results show that with a removal efficiency of less than 16%, a UF membrane alone is not an effective process for removing hardness due to the slow reaction kinetic of calcium carbonate precipitation without the presence of pellets. When three types of pellets were added separately, the removal efficiency of the integrated UF/pellet process was more than 60% at a pH level of 9.0. Hardness removal efficiency improved with increasing pH and pellet surface area, and no significant membrane fouling was observed during the experiments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrating Membrane Filtration and a Fluidized‐Bed Pellet Reactor for Hardness Removal

Li¹,

Jian²,

Liao³

2004

Journal AWWA

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“…Coupling of membrane processes and crystallization operations has been proposed for selected applications: desalting scaling mine water (Juby et al, 1996), softening of drinking water by CaCO 3 removal (Sluys et al, 1996), and production of BaSO 4 nanoparticles (Zhiqian and Zhongzhou, 2002).…”

Section: MCmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process intensification in the textile industry: the role of membrane technology

Bruggen

Curcio

Drioli

2004

Journal of Environmental Management

174

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“…20 Also, MF was used to increase the concentration of a suspension of foreign seeds, up to the required level for seeded crystallization, for the softening of drinking water. 21 In 2001, the terms membrane crystallizer and membrane crystallization (MCr) were coined. 22 The new technology refers to the extension of the MD or OD working principles to a process where crystal nucleation and growth is carried out, starting from an undersaturated solution, by adjusting solution composition (supersaturation) by solvent removal in vapor phase through porous membranes.…”

Section: Timeline Of the Development Of Membrane-assisted Crystallizamentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Membrane-Assisted Crystallization Operations

Drioli¹,

Profio²,

Curcio³

2015

Membrane-Assisted Crystallization Technology

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The interest in combining membrane operations and solution crystallization is motivated by the aim to develop more efficient crystallization processes. Membranes, with their intrinsic characteristics of efficiency and operational simplicity, high selectivity, and permeability for the transport of specific components, compatibility between different membrane operations in integrated systems, low energetic requirement, good stability under operating conditions and environmental compatibility, easy control and scale-up, and large operational flexibility, represent a technology that well satisfies the concept of the rationalization of chemical productions, leading to significant innovation in both processes and products. Accordingly, membrane technology provides significant improvements in crystallization. This approach has been put in practice in a number of membrane-assisted crystallization (MAC) configurations. The main features of MAC are:

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Water treatment in a Membrane-Assisted Crystallizer (MAC)

Cited by 38 publications

References 2 publications

Integrating Membrane Filtration and a Fluidized‐Bed Pellet Reactor for Hardness Removal

Integrating Membrane Filtration and a Fluidized‐Bed Pellet Reactor for Hardness Removal

Process intensification in the textile industry: the role of membrane technology

Overview of Membrane-Assisted Crystallization Operations

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