Water Vapor Uptake in Photolithographic Polymers Observed by Infrared Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy in a Controlled Environment

McDonough, Laurie; Dragnea, Bogdan; Preusser, Jan; Leone, Stephen R.; Hinsberg, William D.

doi:10.1021/jp022489j

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This is an important polymer characteristic for several applications such as personal care products, cement, agriculture, membranes, sensors, and in drug delivery. The moisture absorption of materials from air can be measured using various equipments namely permeation analyzer, dynamic vapor sorption instrument, infrared near‐field scanning optical microscope, stress analyzer, quartz crystal microbalance, and electro‐micro balance . In this study, samples were kept in a glass chamber that was preconditioned at specific RH and the samples were weighed periodically.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s having tunable hydrophilicity

Purushothaman

Krishnan

Nayak

2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Four alkyl lactates and alkyl lactate acrylates having methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl as alkyl moiety were synthesized by azeotropic distillation. Their formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), mass, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and proton decoupled 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Solution polymerization was carried out for these alkyl lactate acrylates and the formed homopolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, proton decoupled 13C NMR spectroscopic, and gel permeation chromatographic techniques. Shear thinning behavior was observed for all the polymers. Wide angle X‐ray Diffraction studies showed that the polymers were amorphous in nature and also exhibited odd‐even effect among alkyl lactate groups with respect to average molecular interchain spacing. Depending on the length of the alkyl lactate groups, relative humidity and time, the hydrophilicity of the polymers decreased with increase in the length of the alkyl lactate group among the odd and even series. Among the studied polymers, poly(ethyl lactate acrylate) may have the potential for hydrogel applications, due to its highly hydrophilic nature. Tg decreased with increase in length of alkyl lactate groups. Trend observed on the thermal stabilities of poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s could be explained on the basis of average molecular interchain spacing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40962.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s having tunable hydrophilicity

Purushothaman

Krishnan

Nayak

2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Gavara et al 28 investigated the sorption and transport properties of water through films of Nylon-6 with this technique. Other instruments that measure the water uptake of materials from air are permeation analyzers, 29 dynamic vapor sorption instruments, 30 infrared near-field scanning optical microscopes, 31 stress analyzers, 32 and quartz crystal microbalances. 33 Alongside these techniques, other research groups have used desiccators conditioned at specific humidities in which the samples were weighed at specific time intervals in order to determine the water-uptake ability of the polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water uptake of hydrophilic polymers determined by a thermal gravimetric analyzer with a controlled humidity chamber

et al. 2007

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The moisture uptake of several water-soluble polymers at different humidities was investigated with a thermal gravimetric analyzer equipped with a controlled humidity chamber. The water sorption of poly(acrylic acid) sodium salt, poly(ethylene glycol) and silica, which are known as super absorbers, were examined. In addition, various hydrophilic polymeric materials were selected according to their structural features. These included hydroxyl functions on the side chains (e.g. poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)), as well as acidic or basic functionalities (e.g. poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) or poly(vinylimidazole)). In addition, poly(2-methyl-2oxazoline) (P(MeOx)) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (P(EtOx)), which are well-known hydrophilic polymers, were also investigated in this context. More significant weight percent changes were obtained for P(MeOx) (60% at 90% relative humidity (RH)) in comparison to P(EtOx) (35% at 90% RH) as a result of the slight difference in hydrophilicity of the structures. The effect of the chain length on the ability for water uptake was also investigated for both poly(oxazolines). Finally, thermoresponsive polymers with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior (e.g. poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)) were also examined. The measurements for the latter polymers were performed below and above the LCST of each polymer whereby the humidities are varied from 0 to 90% with steps of 10%. Upon increasing humidity, the results revealed relatively high water uptake values (8% and 22% for P(NIPAM) and for P(DMAEMA), respectively) below the LCSTs of the polymers and, contrastingly, a small weight loss above their LCSTs. The present results allow a deeper insight into important structure-property relationships (e.g. the influence of the polymer backbone, functional groups, LCST behavior, etc. on the water-uptake properties), and will in subsequent steps permit the directed design of tailor-made polymers for selected applications.

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“…8 Proof of this importance is that moisture absorption has been measured recently in several photoresist systems. 9,10 However, in these cases, the influence of interfaces was ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Effects on Moisture Absorption in Thin Polymer Films

Vogt¹,

Soles²,

Jones³

et al. 2004

Langmuir

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Moisture absorption in model photoresist films of poly(4-hydroxystryene) (PHOSt) and poly(tert-butoxycarboxystyrene) (PBOCSt) supported on silicon wafers was measured by X-ray and neutron reflectivity. The overall thickness change in the films upon moisture exposure was found to be dependent upon the initial film thickness. As the film becomes thinner, the swelling is enhanced. The enhanced swelling in the thin films is due to the attractive nature of the hydrophilic substrate, leading to an accumulation of water at the silicon/polymer interface and subsequently a gradient in concentration from the enhancement at the interface to the bulk concentration. As films become thinner, this interfacial excess dominates the swelling response of the film. This accumulation was confirmed experimentally using neutron reflectivity. The water rich layer extends 25 +/- 10 A into the film with a maximum water concentration of approximately 30 vol %. The excess layer was found to be polymer independent despite the order of magnitude difference in the water solubility in the bulk of the film. To test if the source of the thickness dependent behavior was the enhanced swelling at the interface, a simple, zero adjustable parameter model consisting of a fixed water rich layer at the interface and bulk swelling through the remainder of the film was developed and found to reasonably correspond to the measured thickness dependent swelling.

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Water Vapor Uptake in Photolithographic Polymers Observed by Infrared Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy in a Controlled Environment

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s having tunable hydrophilicity

Poly(alkyl lactate acrylate)s having tunable hydrophilicity

Water uptake of hydrophilic polymers determined by a thermal gravimetric analyzer with a controlled humidity chamber

Interfacial Effects on Moisture Absorption in Thin Polymer Films

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