Waterborne campylobacteriosis in northern Norway

Melby, K; Gondrosen, Bjørn; Gregusson, S.; Ribe, H.; Dahl, Ole Petter

doi:10.1016/0168-1605(91)90064-v

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Ducks are known avian sources of C. jejuni and C. coli, and C. coli commonly colonizes the porcine gut (28). Continuous fecal contamination of a drinking water source by several serotypes that are different from those identified in patients has also been seen in other waterborne campylobacter outbreaks (16). All three outbreaks were caused by the same serotype, Pen 12, and the SmaI and KpnI patterns of the isolates from outbreaks 1 and 2 were closely related.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Waterborne outbreaks caused by campylobacters have been reported especially in countries where groundwater sources that are not chlorinated are commonly used as the drinking water supply (2,15,16,17,18,25,31). In Finland, almost 1,500 small drinking water plants use groundwater as a raw water source, and they distribute approximately 45% of the total amount of drinking water consumed (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland

Hänninen

Haajanen²,

Pummi³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

152

136

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Waterborne outbreaks associated with contamination of drinking water by Campylobacter jejuni are rather common in the Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, and Finland, where in sparsely populated districts groundwater is commonly used without disinfection. Campylobacters, Escherichia coli, or other coliforms have rarely been detected in potential sources. We studied three waterborne outbreaks in Finland caused by C. jejuni and used sample volumes of 4,000 to 20,000 ml for analysis of campylobacters and sample volumes of 1 to 5,000 ml for analysis of coliforms and E. coli, depending on the sampling site. Multiple samples obtained from possible sources (water distribution systems and environmental water sources) and the use of large sample volumes (several liters) increased the chance of detecting the pathogen C. jejuni in water. Filtration of a large volume (1,000 to 2,000 ml) also increased the rate of detection of coliforms and E. coli. To confirm the association between drinking water contamination and illness, a combination of Penner serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (digestion with SmaI and KpnI) was found to be useful. This combination reliably verified similarity or dissimilarity of C. jejuni isolates from patient samples, from drinking water, and from other environmental sources, thus confirming the likely reservoir of an outbreak.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland

Hänninen

Haajanen²,

Pummi³

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

152

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other reported sources of infection include contaminated water and raw milk (22,32); however, in most cases the exact source of disease is not determined (43). Environmental loading and transmission may be factors associated with nonoutbreak cases, particularly those related to contamination of ambient waters (4,28,41,42).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Ecology of Campylobacters in Coastal Plain Streams (Georgia, United States of America)

Vereen

Lowrance

Cole

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterium-associated diarrhea in the United States and most developed countries. While this disease is considered a food-borne disease, many clinical cases cannot be linked to a food source. In rural and agrarian areas environmental transmission may be an important factor contributing to case loads. Here we investigated the waterborne prevalence of campylobacters in a mixed-use rural watershed in the coastal plain of southern Georgia (United States). Six sites representing various degrees of agricultural and human influence were surveyed biweekly to monthly for 1 year for the presence of culturable thermophilic campylobacters and other measures of water quality. Campylobacters were frequently present in agricultureand sewage-impacted stretches of streams. The mean campylobacter counts and overall prevalence were highest downstream from a wastewater treatment plant that handled both human and poultry slaughterhouse waste (<595 CFU ml ؊1 ; 100% positive); the concentrations were significantly higher than those for the four upstream sites (P < 0.05). The counts were significantly correlated with the number of fecal coliform bacteria, conductivity, pH, and concentrations of nutrients (NO 3 ؊ , PO 4 3؊ , and NH 3 ). Campylobacters were isolated more frequently and larger numbers were present during the summer months, similar to the occurrence of clinical cases of campylobacteriosis in this region. A multivariate model showed that the levels were significantly influenced by increasing precipitation, which also peaked in the summer. The results indicate that loading from both human and domestic animal waste may be high in the watershed studied during the summer months. Mixed-use watersheds supporting agriculture production, human populations, and wildlife may be at risk for contamination by campylobacters and may be an important route for human exposure.

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“…Campylobacteriosis has been linked most commonly to consumption of contaminated food such as poultry (Harris et al, 1986;Eberhart et al, 1997;Meldrum et al, 2005), but also to unpasteurized milk (Frost, 2001), raw seafood (Frost, 2001;ProMED-mail, 2008), and contaminated drinking water sources (Aho et al, 1989;Melby et al, 1991;Andersson et al, 1997;Richardson et al, 2007). Interventions have been directed at reducing foodborne transmission, and incidence has slowly decreased in the US over the past decade (Allos, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Environmental Determinants of Campylobacteriosis Risk in Philadelphia from 1994 to 2007

et al. 2009

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Campylobacter species infections are a common cause of acute gastroenteritis, and may uncommonly be complicated by renal, neurological, and rheumatologic sequelae. Although excess summertime campylobacteriosis has been observed, environmental mechanisms driving disease seasonality are poorly understood. We sought to evaluate the relationship between environmental factors and campylobacteriosis risk in a major North American metropolitan area. We evaluated 1532 cases of campylobacteriosis reported in Philadelphia between 1994 and 2007. We constructed Poisson regression models with oscillatory smoothers, and also used case-crossover design, to evaluate the associations between environmental exposures and disease risk on weekly and daily time scales. Both methods control for confounding by seasonally oscillating environmental factors. Incidence was greatest in June and July, with annual periodicity. Weekly incidence was associated with increasing relative humidity, (incidence rate ratio (IRR) per % 1.017, 95% CI 1.008-1.025), temperature (IRR per degrees C 1.041, 95% CI 1.011-1.072), and decreasing Delaware River temperature during the same week (IRR per degrees C 0.922, 95% CI 0.883-0.962), and at 4-week lags (IRR per degrees C 0.953, 95% CI 0.919-0.990). No acute associations were identified in case-crossover analyses. Our findings affirm the summertime seasonality of campylobacteriosis in Philadelphia, and the link between warm, humid weather and disease risk. However, the link between low river temperatures and enhanced campylobacteriosis risk in humans described here is novel, consistent with known links between watershed temperature and Campylobacter survival, and implicates local watersheds as epidemiologically important reservoirs for foodborne pathogens.

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Waterborne campylobacteriosis in northern Norway

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland

Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland

Distribution and Ecology of Campylobacters in Coastal Plain Streams (Georgia, United States of America)

Environmental Determinants of Campylobacteriosis Risk in Philadelphia from 1994 to 2007

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