2017
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6644a4
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Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Exposures to Water — United States, 2013–2014

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Cited by 45 publications
(22 citation statements)
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“…These concerns are driven by the potential for water quality to deteriorate in building plumbing systems due to chemical and biological reactions in the bulk water and interactions with pipe surfaces [1]. One manner in which water quality may deteriorate in buildings is through the growth of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) (i.e., Legionella pneumophila [2,3], non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. ), which can be enabled by the loss of residual disinfectant over extended residence times.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These concerns are driven by the potential for water quality to deteriorate in building plumbing systems due to chemical and biological reactions in the bulk water and interactions with pipe surfaces [1]. One manner in which water quality may deteriorate in buildings is through the growth of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs) (i.e., Legionella pneumophila [2,3], non-tuberculous mycobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc. ), which can be enabled by the loss of residual disinfectant over extended residence times.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although most LD cases are sporadic (CDC 2011), our understanding of the sources of LD comes almost entirely from outbreaks. L. pneumophila is now responsible for the majority (57%-63%) of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States and for all of the outbreak-associated deaths (Benedict et al 2017;McClung et al 2017). Most outbreaks of LD have been associated with exposure to aerosols from warm water systems in large buildings that house vulnerable populations, such as hospitals and long-term care facilities (Garrison et al 2016).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…L. pneumophila is the main causative agent of legionellosis—pulmonary morbid forms normally are acquired by inhalation of aerosols containing the bacterium—which occurs in various pathologies among which pneumonia is the most severe form [1]. Legionellosis is considered a water-borne disease [2] and Legionella is among the main emerging pathogenic bacteria of the last fifty years [3]. As part of the normal aquatic microflora, Legionella can be found both in natural and man-made aquatic environments, surviving free, in biofilms or as a parasite of protozoa [4–6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%