Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis

Craun, Gunther F.; Hubbs, Stephen A.; Frost, Floyd J.; Calderon, Rebecca L.; Via, Steve

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08500.x

Cited by 140 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Most of the reported outbreaks associated with protozoan pathogens, namely Giardia and Cryptosporidium, occur through water (Craun et al, 1998;Barwick et al, 2000;Lee et al, 2002;Karanis et al, 2007a;Baldursson and Karanis, 2011). Here, we report the detection of Cryptosporidium after application of IFT as one conventional method and two molecular tools using the SSU rRNA gene for nested PCR and the SAM gene for LAMP assays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Investigations and comparative detection ofCryptosporidiumspecies by microscopy, nested PCR and LAMP in water supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey

Kolören

Sotiriadou

Karanis

2011

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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A total of 70 water samples, including tap, river, fountain and well water were collected in the Ordu province, Middle Black Sea, Turkey and investigated for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The samples were directly screened microscopically for Cryptosporidium oocysts' detection by immunofluorescence test and subsequently DNA was extracted for the molecular detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eighteen out of the 70 (25.7%) water samples were found positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by immunofluorescence test and 19 (27.1%) were found positive by LAMP. Nested PCR products were not generated in any of the investigated water samples. A total of 16 randomly selected pellets were spiked with 10 Cryptosporidium oocysts to test the efficiency of the applied method. All the samples were found positive by LAMP for the presence of Cryptosporidium DNA, while the nested PCR assay was positive in only seven (43.75%) out of the 16 examined spiked samples. This is the first report on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species in environmental and drinking water supplies in the Black Sea area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Investigations and comparative detection ofCryptosporidiumspecies by microscopy, nested PCR and LAMP in water supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey

Kolören

Sotiriadou

Karanis

2011

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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“…This notion was first raised independently by Craun and colleagues (262) and Hunter and Quigley (259), who reported that attack rates were significantly higher for outbreaks associated with groundwater than surface water consumption. They argued that people who use surface water sources were regularly exposed to small numbers of oocysts and thus did not experience many outbreaks, unless there was a major breakdown in treatment.…”

Section: Host Factors and Cryptosporidium Virulencementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium Pathogenicity and Virulence

et al. 2013

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SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance that causes gastroenteritis in a variety of vertebrate hosts. Several studies have reported different degrees of pathogenicity and virulence amongCryptosporidiumspecies and isolates of the same species as well as evidence of variation in host susceptibility to infection. The identification and validation ofCryptosporidiumvirulence factors have been hindered by the renowned difficulties pertaining to thein vitroculture and genetic manipulation of this parasite. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in identifying putative virulence factors forCryptosporidium. This progress has been accelerated since the publication of theCryptosporidium parvumandC. hominisgenomes, with the characterization of over 25 putative virulence factors identified by using a variety of immunological and molecular techniques and which are proposed to be involved in aspects of host-pathogen interactions from adhesion and locomotion to invasion and proliferation. Progress has also been made in the contribution of host factors that are associated with variations in both the severity and risk of infection. Here we provide a review comprised of the current state of knowledge onCryptosporidiuminfectivity, pathogenesis, and transmissibility in light of our contemporary understanding of microbial virulence.

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“…Cryptosporidium is responsible for many waterborne outbreaks in the United States (4,19,34), the United Kingdom (4), and other countries (3). Although person-to-person contact and domestic animals are some of the possible sources of infection, exposure to and/or consumption of contaminated drinking water and the use of surface waters for recreational activities are among the most important routes of transmission of these parasites (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Five Membrane Filtration Methods for Recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Water Samples

Wohlsen

Bates

Gray

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We evaluated the efficiency of five membrane filters for recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts. These filters included the Pall Life Sciences Envirochek (EC) standard filtration and Envirochek high-volume (EC-HV) membrane filters, the Millipore flatbed membrane filter, the Sartorius flatbed membrane filter (SMF), and the Filta-Max (FM) depth filter. Distilled and surface water samples were spiked with 10 oocysts and 10 cysts/liter. We also evaluated the recovery efficiency of the EC and EC-HV filters after a 5-s backwash postfiltration. The backwashing was not applied to the other filtration methods because of the design of the filters. Oocysts and cysts were visualized by using a fluorescent monoclonal antibody staining technique. For distilled water, the highest percent recovery for both the oocysts and cysts was obtained with the FM depth filter. However, when a 5-s backwash was applied, the EC-HV membrane filter (EC-HV-R) was superior to other filters for recovery of both oocysts (n ‫؍‬ 53 ؎ 15.4 per 10 liters) and cysts (n ‫؍‬ 59 ؎ 11.5 per 10 liters). This was followed by results of the FM depth filter (oocysts, 28.2 ؎ 8, P ‫؍‬ 0.015; cysts, 49.8 ؎ 12.2, P ‫؍‬ 0.4260), and SMF (oocysts, 16.2 ؎ 2.8, P ‫؍‬ 0.0079; cysts, 35.2 ؎ 3, P ‫؍‬ 0.0079). Similar results were obtained with surface water samples. Giardia cysts were recovered at higher rates than were Cryptosporidium oocysts with all five filters, regardless of backwashing. Although the time differences for completion of filtration process were not significantly different among the procedures, the EC-HV filtration with 5-s backwash was less labor demanding.

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Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis

Cited by 140 publications

References 50 publications

Investigations and comparative detection ofCryptosporidiumspecies by microscopy, nested PCR and LAMP in water supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey

Investigations and comparative detection ofCryptosporidiumspecies by microscopy, nested PCR and LAMP in water supplies of Ordu, Middle Black Sea, Turkey

Cryptosporidium Pathogenicity and Virulence

Evaluation of Five Membrane Filtration Methods for Recovery of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Water Samples

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