Waterfowl Exposure to Lead and Steel Shot on Selected Hunting Areas

Influence of Ingested Lead on Body Mass of Wintering Canvasbacks

“…Shot ingestion by males and females appears to be similar for most waterfowl species (Bellrose 1959, White and Stendell 1977, Longcore et al 1982. Prevalence was the same for male and female canvasbacks at Catahoula Lake.…”

Lead poisoning and its in vivo biomarkers in Mallard and Coot from two hunting activity areas in Poland

“…With this value applied, only two birds (1%) were identified as poisoned. Based on the bone criterion -20 lg g À1 w.w. (White and Stendell, 1977;Franson and Pain, 2011), 14 birds (8%) can be treated as poisoned (Table 4). The diagnoses of poisoning on the basis of concentrations in different tissues are not unanimous.…”

Lead and lead toxicity in domestic and free living birds

“…It is a relatively costly method and is based on the analysis of the blood of samples of live birds and, basically, on hepatic analyses (or secondly of the kidneys or the spleen), or bone analysis in the case of dead individuals (White & Stendell, 1977;Anderson, 1975). A short while after ingesting the pellets, the presence of the lead in the birds' wing bones can be found.…”